臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自動倉儲系統由電腦控制存/取貨作業，它的硬體設施以存取機為最重要的組件，有傳統的單載具與新興的雙載具之分。近年來國內外文獻針對這兩種載具進行評估，均認為雙載具系統有較佳的作業效能，但是國內目前以單載具系統居多。根據訪查設備業者的意見，雙載具的設置成本約高出單載具系統40%以上，因此在相同環境下，使用者有興趣的是雙載具之效能應顯著超越單載具40%以上，才能成為合理的投資選擇，然而現有研究甚少觸及兩種載具的成本效益分析。
本研究根據業者訪談結果建構系統的架構與環境條件，首先引用馬可夫過程分析，建立各狀態的平衡方程式，以瞭解自動倉儲單/雙載具系統動態等候行為模式。在已給定等候存/取貨作業個數限制下，建立M/G/1/K等候模式，根據不同的存取機旅行速度及料架參數，比較自動倉儲單/雙載具系統的運作績效表現。整體分析結果發現雙載具的績效並沒有超越40%的設置門檻。
為擴大考慮層面，本研究採用Arena 12.0模擬軟體來建構自動倉儲模型以比較單載具與雙載具系統的績效差異，評估標準包括儲存與取回之平均等待時間、系統最大存取速率以及雙指令之執行比例。本研究假設進出貨時段重疊與否、入出庫站可能設於不同側及批量存/取需求等。單走道實驗結果發現在入出庫站位置分離、且進出貨時段不重疊、且批量進出貨需求作業下，雙載具系統的作業效率明顯優於單載具系統，成為較佳的投資選擇。多走道實驗結果發現，在指定走道規則下、且入出庫站位置同側、且進出貨時段重疊、且分類儲位指派，可改善雙載具系統的作業相對績效表現。
雖然目前國內業者缺乏雙載具的軟硬體技術，但是未來終將發展與採用進階功能以提升績效，本研究在單/雙載具成本效益分析的成果，可提供給學界及業界在建構自動倉儲系統有用之參考資訊。

An Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) operates a shuttle with computer process control to execute the storage and retrieval of warehouse stock. It can be equipped with the traditional single shuttle or the newly developed twin shuttle. There has been a significant literature on the comparison of single shuttle systems versus twin shuttle systems. Researchers agree that twin shuttle systems have better operational performance. However, a twin shuttle system costs about 40% more than a comparable single shuttle system. Therefore, given the same operating environment, we believe that the capacity or effectiveness of a twin shuttle system should outperform a single shuttle system by at least 40% to justify the cost.
This study has interviewed equipment vendors and users in Taiwan to undertand the operating requirements and managerial concerns. Then we develop Markov processes and use a system of state equations to describe the dynamic behavior of single/twin shuttle S/R machines performing storage and retrieval transactions in a single aisle. Processing times are mixtures of exponential distributions or mixtures of Erlang distributions. We find that the twin shuttle is better but does not outperform the single shuttle significantly.
The study also develops Arena 12.0 simulation programs to compare single shuttle and twin shuttle systems under various operating environments. The comparison is based on average storage/retrieval waiting time, the effective storage/retrieval capacity, and the ratio of dual command. We assume different time periods of storage and retrieval operations may or may not overlap, input and output stations may not be in the same location, and there may be batch demands for storage and retrieval operations. Simulation results of single-aisle suggest that twin shuttle systems would be the better investment if the input/output stations are in separate locations, time periods of storage/retrieval operations do not overlap, or batch demands are significant. Simulation results of multi-aisle suggest that twin shuttle systems are more cost-effective when the dedicated aisle rule is implemented. If I/Os are located at the same side and S/R periods overlaps, the class-based storage rule will significantly improve the relative performance of twin shuttle systems.
We believe that users will need more sophiscated systems and techniques in the future. Our results based on the cost performance ratio can provide useful information to practitioners planning to implement AS/RSs in real world applications.

目錄
中文摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 IV
目錄 V
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 3
1.3 研究範圍與限制 4
1.4 研究架構與流程 5
1.5 論文架構 7
第二章 文獻探討 8
2.1 自動倉儲系統 9
2.1.1 自動倉儲系統硬體構造 9
2.1.2 自動倉儲系統進出貨流程 11
2.1.3 自動倉儲系統存取機種類 13
2.2 存取機控制指令 15
2.2.1 單載具存取機，單指令循環（Single Command Cycle）模式 15
2.2.2 單載具存取機，雙指令循環（Dual Command Cycle）模式 16
2.2.3 雙載具存取機，單指令、雙指令、四指令循環模式 17
2.3 自動倉儲系統績效分析 20
2.3.1 外界環境績效分析 21
2.3.2 存取機旅行時間 21
2.3.3 單/雙載具系統績效分析 22
2.3.4 馬可夫過程分析 23
2.3.5 系統模擬分析 24
2.3.6 儲位指派績效分析 25
2.4 業界訪談 27
2.4.1 導入自動倉儲系統企業訪談 27
2.4.2 自動倉儲系統提供業者訪談 31
2.5 小結 36
2.5.1 自動倉儲系統控制與績效小結 36
2.5.2 業界訪談小結 36
第三章 研究方法與設計 39
3.1 專家訪談 39
3.2 馬可夫分析 41
3.2.1 隨機過程（Stochastic Process） 41
3.2.2 馬可夫過程（Markov Process） 42
3.2.3 生死過程 43
3.2.4 等候系統的結構 44
3.2.5 服務時間分配為Mixture of Exponential Distribution 47
3.2.6 服務時間分配為Mixture of Phase Type Distribution 48
3.3 系統模擬分析 49
3.3.1 外界環境設計 52
3.3.2 儲位指派規則 53
3.3.3 存取機控制模式 54
3.3.4 模擬實驗模組 58
3.3.5 系統模擬分析績效指標 59
3.4 小結 59
第四章 馬可夫分析 61
4.1 Mixture of exponential distribution等候模式 62
4.1.1 單載具作業系統（Mixture of exponential distribution） 64
4.1.2 雙載具作業系統（Mixture of exponential distribution） 65
4.1.3 單/雙載具Mixture of exponential distribution效能分析 67
4.2 Mixture of phase type distribution等候模式 70
4.2.1 單載具作業系統（Mixture of phase type distribution） 72
4.2.2 雙載具作業系統（Mixture of phase type distribution） 72
4.2.3 單/雙載具Mixture of phase type distribution效能分析 74
4.3 小結 76
第五章 系統模擬分析 77
5.1 電腦模擬軟體 78
5.2 模擬績效評估準則 78
5.3 系統符號定義及範例說明 79
5.3.1 系統符號定義 79
5.3.2 範例說明 79
5.4 模擬實驗分析設計 82
5.5 單走道模擬實驗結果 85
5.5.1 實驗一、不同存/取環境條件下的存/取速率 85
5.5.2 實驗二、固定存貨速率條件之存/取等候時間 92
5.5.3 單走道系統實驗小結： 95
5.6 雙走道模擬實驗結果 96
5.6.1 實驗三、指定走道或隨機選擇走道，不同環境條件下的存/取速率 96
5.6.2 實驗四、在分類儲存條件下，不同環境條件下的存/取速率 101
5.6.3 雙走道系統實驗小結： 103
第六章 結論與未來研究方向 104
6.1 結論 104
6.2 未來研究方向 107
參考文獻 108
附錄A 自動倉儲業界訪談內容 114
附錄B 單載具作業系統（Mixture of exponential distribution） 116
附錄C 雙載具作業系統（Mixture of exponential distribution） 119
附錄D 單載具作業系統（Mixture of phase type distribution） 125
附錄E 雙載具作業系統（Mixture of phase type distribution） 129

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