臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

後灣海域位處恆春半島，因近年觀光興起人潮活動絡繹不絕，因此而產生的持久性有機汙染物 (POPs)的汙染也是與日俱增；而沉積物是評估水域環境持久性有機汙染程度之標的，故本研究分析四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域各站沉積物之多環芳香烴(PAHs)及有機氯農藥(OCPs)在乾濕季和不同地點之濃度與組成，以探討後灣地區海域環境的PAH、OCP的含量及來源。樣品採集於2011年3月至2012年6月，兩年乾濕季共採樣四次；採樣點包括四重溪七站，保力溪八站，後灣海域四站。樣本使用加速溶劑萃取儀(ASE)萃取，經氧化鋁純化後以氣相層析質譜儀(GC/MS)測定，檢測23種PAHs及16種OCPs。結果顯示，後灣海域沉積物中PAH 總濃度(4-147 ng/g dw)較陸地河流沉積物低，且後灣的乾溼季變化不大；後灣測站離河口越遠，沉積物的汙染濃度越低；四重溪與保力溪(PAHs濃度22-281 ng/g dw及37-377 ng/g dw)除河口測站濃度較低之外，四重溪各測站PAH濃度相近，乾季總PAH濃度較濕季來的高；保力溪主流屬於乾季略高於濕季的情形，而網紗溪反之，可能因流況不同而有所差異。PCA主成分分析知四重溪、保力溪與後灣海域的PAHs組成皆相似。以環數分析及化學指紋分析推測主要汙染源為低環數石油來源汙染，如船舶漏油及柏油路面滲出；與文獻相較，本區域多環芳香烴汙染屬於低汙染的程度。OCPs汙染以HCHs及DDTs為主，HCHs在兩溪上游濃度較高，或許與農田集中上游有關；本研究區之HCHs和DDTs濃度乾濕季變化不明顯。由國內外研究文獻可比較得知本研究區域有機氯農藥屬輕微汙染的程度。四重溪及保力溪PAHs分布與影響因子無關，後灣海域PAHs濃度分布則受除乾濕季外其他因素的影響。POC對研究區內之DDTs分布有顯著影響，但對HCHs濃度則無任何關係；乾濕季、站別及粒徑等影響因子對HCHs和DDTs分布都無顯著影響。

An assessment of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) contamination in surface sediment samples were conducted from the Hou-Wan area which is a representative area affected by tourist activity. POPs present a problem to marine waters as they are ready absorbed by particulate matter, which is in transported by riverine influences into oceanic sediments. This study analyzes the seasonal and spatial variation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in sediments collected from Shi Chang River(7 sites), Po-Li River(8 sites) and Hou-Wan coast(4 sites). Samples were connected across two seasons (dry and rainy season) from March 2011 to June 2012. Our results indicate that the total PAH concentration of Shi Chang River and Po-Li River in rainy season are higher than the dry season. They were similar in average total PAHs concentration. Hou Wan indicates a trend of reduced POP concentrations when moving away from the estuary. Precious techniques of isomer ratios to assess. Source of PAH indicate that the main contribution is petroleum sources, including asphalt and a few transport combustion. The main kinds of organochlorines pesticides(OCPs) is HCH and DDT. Their concentrations showed that Shi Chang River, Po-Li River and Hou Wan had low OCPs pollution. Hexachlorocyclo hexane(HCHs) was the main kind of OCPs in this area. According to the DDT concentration and the ratio between β- & γ- HCHs, HCH and DDT have not been discharge for many years. The PAHs distribution of Hou Wan is affected by control factors(station, POC, and particle size), but Shi Chang River and Po-Li River isn’t. HCHs and DDTs have no affected by control factors in most of areas.

目錄

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
圖目錄 IX
壹、 前言 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
貳、 文獻回顧 3
2.1 持久性有機汙染物(POPs) 3
2.1.1 多環芳香烴(PAHs) 3
2.1.2 多環芳香烴的來源 4
2.1.3 多環芳香烴的特性及危害 5
2.1.4 有機氯農藥(OCPs) 6
2.1.5 有機氯農藥的來源及特性 7
2.1.6 有機氯農藥的危害 8
2.2 四重溪、保力溪與後灣地區環境概述 9
2.2.1 四重溪及保力溪地區環境概述 9
2.2.2 後灣海域環境概述 9
2.2.3 地區性氣候與海流 10
參、 實驗設備與研究方法 19
3.1 材料與儀器 19
3.1.1 材料 19
3.1.2 儀器 20
3.2 試藥及器材前處理 21
3.3 採樣及樣品前處理 22
3.3.1 採樣時間、地點與方法 22
3.3.2 樣品前處理 22
3.4 樣品分析方法 25
3.4.1 多環芳香烴、有機氯農藥分析 25
3.4.2 儀器分析 26
3.5 定量方法 28
3.6 品保及品管（QA/QC） 29
3.6.1 方法回收率 29
3.6.2 方法偵測極限 30
3.7 有機碳及沉積物粒徑分析方法 35
3.7.1 顆粒相有機碳(POC)分析 35
3.7.2 沉積物粒徑分析 35
3.8 資料分析 36
3.8.1 總濃度顯著差異 36
3.8.2 海洋沉積物品質參考準則 36
3.8.3 主成份分析 (Principal component analysis, PCA) 36
3.8.4 特徵化指數分析 (Isomer ratio) 37
3.8.5 HCH分析 37
3.8.6 DDT分析 37
肆、 結果與討論 39
4.1 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域表層沉積物中多環芳香烴(PAHs)的濃度分布及影響因子 39
4.1.1 四重溪表層沉積物之總多環芳香烴含量的時空變化 39
4.1.2 保力溪表層沉積物之總多環芳香烴含量的時空變化 39
4.1.3 後灣表層沉積物之總多環芳香烴含量的時空變化 40
4.1.4 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域表層沉積物之總多環芳香烴濃度時空分布 42
4.1.5 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域表層沉積物之總多環芳香烴濃度與全球文獻結果比較 45
4.1.6 影響總多環芳香烴濃度(t-PAH)分布的因子 47
a.沉積物總有機碳(POC)之相關性 47
4.2 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域表層沉積物中多環芳香烴(PAHs)的來源與組成 56
4.2.1 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域之多環芳香烴(PAHs)之來源 – 特徵化指數分析(Isomer Ratio) 56
4.2.2 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域之多環芳香烴(PAHs)之環數組成 – 多環芳香烴(PAHs)環數分布三相圖 58
4.2.3 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域之多環芳香烴(PAHs)之組成 – 主成分分析(Principle Component Analysis, PCA) 60
4.3 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域表層沉積物中有機氯農藥(HCH、DDT)的濃度分布、影響因子及組成 62
4.3.1 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域表層沉積物中有機氯農藥HCH濃度的時空分布及影響因子 64
4.3.2 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域表層沉積物中有機氯農藥DDTs濃度的時空分布及影響因子 67
4.3.3 影響HCHs濃度分布的因子 – POC及粒徑 69
4.3.4 影響DDTs濃度分布的因子 – POC及粒徑 72
4.3.5 四重溪、保力溪及後灣海域之有機氯農藥HCHs之組成 75
伍、 結論 77
參考文獻 78

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