臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本篇論文旨在探討漢語中兩個交互詞(reciprocal)在句法以及語意上的表
現。之前針對英文交互詞的文獻非常大量，但關於漢語交互詞的研究卻不多，除
了幾篇描述性的文獻外，只有簡純純針對句法上以極小主義(Minimalist)的屬性
檢驗(feature-checking)方式來解釋交互詞的交互作用(reciprocity)運作方式。
所以本篇以簡氏的觀察為基礎繼續發展深入探討交互詞「彼此」與「互相」
的共同或獨立的特質，認為「彼此」只有名詞的詞性而沒有副詞的詞性，在句法
結構上所處的位置與副詞性的「互相」並不同。兩者修飾的目標也不同。「彼此」
是位在加階的論元位置往前修飾複數先行詞產生交互作用，但「互相」卻是位在
動詞上的加階層修飾其支配的述語而產生的交互作用。採取Bruening (2006) 的
理論，我們認為副詞性的「互相」是位在RecipVP 結點中，包括著不帶動詞的及
物動詞；為求一致性，我們認為「彼此」是位在RecipNP 中。兩個結點中的分
配性的Dist 運符會往前附加至先行詞中，產生對應的交互語意。
語意詮釋方面，我們認為「互相」與「彼此」皆有著交互的核心語意，能夠
傳達出最強的語意(Strong Reciprocity)，但是「互相」能夠接受兩人及三人以上
為先行詞的指涉接近英文的one another，「彼此」只能接受兩人為先行詞，也就
是英文的each other。另外，「彼此」在語意傳達上有比較強的分配性，產生了
接近「各自」的語意，而「互相」則沒有此情形。由於「彼此」為名詞性的交互
詞，於是我們採用Beck (2001)的詮釋方法，而以述語而產生交互性的副詞「互
相」則採用Bruening (2001)的事件語意學(event semantics)理論來解釋。

This thesis sets its goal at the syntactic and semantic representation of Mandarin reciprocals bici and huxiang. Previous literatures on English reciprocals are abundant, but quite few on Mandarin reciprocals, except three or four descriptive studies and Chien’s (2007) thesis, which explains Mandarin reciprocity in manner of Minimalist’s feature-checking.
Due to scarcity of relative research, my thesis is mainly based on Chien’s (2007) observation, further examining the shared and diverged properties of bici and huxiang. I argue that bici carries only nominal feature with none adverbial feature and stands different position from adverbial huxiang’s. Modification differs, too. Bici modifies the antecedent noun, in which the reciprocity is resulted from the individuals of the referred domain, while huxiang modifies the predicate, in which the reciprocity is the result of multiple events. Following Bruening (2006), we argue that the adverbial huxiang is under the RecipVP node, containing an intransitivized verb; to pursue consistency, we further assume that bici is under the RecipNP node. In both node lies a covert distributor operator, Dist, and it will attach to the antecedent plural subject for reference.
In interpretation, we argue that bici and huxiang share the core meaning of reciprocity, which is the Strong Reciprocity; they are different in two aspects. One, huxiang is similar to English “one another,” accepting two or more than two members of antecedent for reference; bici only accept antecedent of two members, like English “each other.” In addition, bici carries relatively stronger sense of distributivity, which approximating “each/separately” meaning, but huxiang doesn’t. Hence, we adopt Beck’s (2001) approach for bici because of its nominal character; on the other hand, we apply Bruening’s (2001) event semantics for reciprocals for huxiang because its reciprocity is produced with event collection.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………….……...............……………...i
ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS …………………………..…………...…...………….iii
CHINESE ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………..v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...……………………………….…………….......………….vi
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………..………………..viii
LIST OF FIGURES ……..…………………………………………....…….…………….ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..…………………….………..…………………………...x


1 INTRODUCTION ……..……………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Preliminary ………………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Motivation …………………………………………………………………………..3
1.3 Purpose ………………………………………………………………………………4
1.4 Organization ………………………………………………………………………..4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………..7
2.1 English Reciprocals ………………………………………………………………..7
2.1.1 Indexing Theory for Distributivity and Reciprocity—Heim, Lasnik, and May (1991) ………………………………………………………………7
2.1.2 Six Readings of Each Other—Dalrymple et al. (1998) ……………...13
2.1.3 Reciprocity on Plural Relation—Beck (2001) ………………………...18
2.2 Mandarin Reciprocals ……………………………………………………………28
2.2.1 A Rudimentary Observation—Tang (1994) …………………………..28
2.2.2 Agreement and Feature Sharing Approach—Chien (2007) ……….32
2.3 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………41

3 PROPERTIES AND ANALYSIS OF BICI AND HUXIANG ……………….43
3.1 Properties of Bici ………………………………………………………………...43
3.1.1 Bi ‘there’ ……………………………………………………………………...43
3.1.2 Ci ‘here’ ………………………………………………………………………46
3.1.3 Bici ‘each other’ …………………………………………………………….47
3.2 Properties of Huxiang ……………………………………………………………62
3.2.1 Hu ‘each other’ ……………………………………………………………...62
3.2.2 Xiang ‘each other’ ………………………………………………………….64
3.2.3 Huxiang ‘each other’ ………………………………………………………67
3.3 Are They in Lexicon or in Syntax? …………………………………………….73
3.4 Conclusive Summary …………………………………………………………….74

4 THE REPRESENTATIONS SIMILIARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES BETWEEN BICI AND HUXIANG ………………………………………………77
4.1 On Huxiang ………………………………………………………………………..77
4.2 On Bici ……………………………………………………………………………...79
4.3 Similarities and Dissimilarities between Bici and Huxiang ……………...88
4.4 Summarizing The Chapter ……………………………………………………...93

5 AN INTERFACE ANALYSIS ON BICI AND HUXIANG ………………….95
5.1 General Concepts about Bici and Huxiang ………………………………….95
5.1.1 Referential Antecedent &; Which Verb to Pick? ……………………..95
5.1.2 Operation of Intransitivization ………………………………………….99
5.1.3 Reciprocal Property ……………………………………………………...102
5.2 Theoretical Framework for Mandarin Reciprocals……… ………………109
5.2.1 The Syntax of Adverbial Reciprocal—Huxiang….. ………………..109
5.2.2 The Syntax of Nominal Reciprocal—Bici…………………………….116
5.3 Interpreting Reciprocals ……………………………………………………….121
5.4 Concluding Remarks ……………………………………………………………128

6 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………..131
6.1 Summary of The Thesis ………………………………………………………..131
6.2 Advantages of My Analysis ……………………………………………………134
6.3 Further Research ………………………………………………………………...134

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………..137
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Comparison of Mandarin and English reciprocals 92
Table 2 Comparison of Mandarin reciprocals bici and huxiang 92
Table 3 Transitivity features………………………………………………………………..98
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Strong Reciprocity (SR) 13
Figure 2 Intermediate Reciprocity (IR) 14
Figure 3 One-way Weak Reciprocity (OWR) 14
Figure 4 Intermediate alternative reciprocity (IAR) 15
Figure 5 Inclusive Alternative Ordering (IAO) 15
Figure 6 Arrangement of Six Readings 16
Figure 7 Six Reciprocal Readings of Beck 18
Figure 8 Four Reciprocal Readings of Beck 19
Figure 9 Three Reciprocal Readings of Beck 19
Figure 10 Dalrymple et al.’s Staring Relation 24
Figure 11 A Staring Situation from Beck 24
Figure 12 A Staring Situation from Beck 25
Figure 13 A Situation for the Tree Arrangement 26
Figure 14 A Situation of Distribution Bici……………………………………………123
Figure 15 A Situation of Paired Bici…………………………………………………...123
Figure 16 A Situation of Reciprocity Bici…………………………………………….123
Figure 17 A Cheering Situation of Bici……………………………………………….125
Figure 18 A Cheering Situation of Huxiang…………………………………………125

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