臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

現代女性為了體態優美，常常會穿著高跟鞋以達到此效果。加上職場需求，穿著高跟鞋的頻率更加地提高。高跟鞋可說是現今女性無法脫離的產品。穿著高跟鞋常常引起腳部之不舒適感，高跟鞋的人因問題值得探討。本研究的目的是了解不同鞋型之高跟鞋對足部負荷的影響。

研究方法包含問卷法及實驗法。問卷法施行對象為 100 名有穿著高跟鞋經驗之女性，針對穿著高跟鞋之習慣與購買重視之因素進行調查。實驗法則是從問卷所得之結果選擇鞋跟及鞋楦當作研究變項，受測者人數為 24 人。透過 Tekscan F-Scan系統量測穿著不同高跟鞋時之足底壓力。觀察腓腸肌、比目魚肌、脛前肌及腓骨長肌等小腿肌群著不同高跟鞋之 EMG變化。

研究結果顯示： (1) 台灣女性選購高跟鞋時，從外觀造型挑選高跟鞋時，首重楦頭，其次為鞋跟部分。在選購考量基準上，首重美觀性其次為舒適性。 (2) 站姿時，鞋跟接地面積越大，足跟接觸面積及壓力峰值越大。(3) 行走時，鞋跟之接地面積越大，全腳掌接觸面積與壓力峰值越大。越細之鞋跟在足跟分區有越大之壓力峰值，此與接觸面積過小，無法平均分散壓力有關。 (4) 站立時，越窄小之鞋楦會造成全腳掌及腳趾、前足外側、足弓、足跟等分區有越大之鞋底接觸面積與壓力峰值。此與過窄之鞋楦擠壓腳趾之現象有關。 (5) 行走時，越窄之鞋楦，全掌及大姆趾、前足外側、足弓等分區壓力峰值越大。鞋楦越窄越會限制足弓弓起，因而導致足弓之接觸面積及壓力峰值有不正常之提升。此外越窄之鞋楦其腓骨長肌之 iEMG值越大，其發生原因為越窄之鞋楦提升外翻之機會。因此選購高跟鞋時，鞋跟接地面積以超過 2 cm2 為佳。而鞋楦則以超過 B 楦 (一般楦) 為佳。本研究可提供製鞋業者及女鞋設計師之參考以減少女性足部之傷害。

Women often wear high heels in order to make body look more beautiful and slender. With the work needs, frequency of wearing high heels is increasing, thus women now can’t live without high-heeled shoes. But high-heeled shoes are often caused uncomfortable feeling of foot, ergonomics problem of wearing high heels worth to explore.

The purpose of this study is to understand the different foot loading of high heels. Research methods include the questionnaire and experiments. The subjects of questionnaire were 100 women who have worn high-heeled shoes. the questionnaire was investigated high heels preference and wearing habit of women. Experimental method variable is based on questionnaire results, and chose shoe last and heel parts become Independent variable. For measuring the plantar pressure from different high heels, the experiment used Tekscan F-Scan system. With EMG using, we can record activities of gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior muscle and peroneus longus muscle of different high-heeled shoes.

The results show that: (1) the most important high-heeled shoes part to Taiwanese women is lasts and second part is heels. The highest consideration is aesthetics and comfort. (2) in stance, heel has more area contacting ground, more contact area and peak pressure in shoe heels part. If midfoot has support, contact area and peak pressure in midfoot will increase. (3) when walking with different heels, heel has more area contacting ground, contact area and peak pressure in heel is bigger. If midfoot has support, contact area and peak pressure in midfoot will increase. The more thin shoe heel it is, the bigger plantar pressure in heel it is. Because the area of heel is too small, it can’t disperse the pressure of heel. (4) when standing with different shoe lasts, narrow shoe last cause contact area and peak pressure of the whole foot and toes, lateral forefoot, midfoot, heel increasing. This phenomenon is related with too narrow shoe lasts squeezing the toes. (5) when walking with different shoe last, narrow shoe last cause peak pressure of the whole foot and hallux, lateral forefoot, midfoot, heel increasing. Because center of gravity move forward, contact area and peak pressure in midfoot have abnormal increase. The more narrow shoe last cause the iEMG value of peroneus longus increasing. The reason is that narrow shoe last increase Inversion. Thus, it is better to choose the high heels with over 2 cm2 heel area and type B shoe last. This study provides the footwear and shoes designer reference to reduce the damage of the female foot.

中文摘要
英文摘要
誌謝
目錄
表目錄
圖目錄
一、緒論
1.1 研究背景與動機
1.2 研究目的
1.3 研究限制
1.4 研究流程
二、文獻探討
2.1 高跟鞋的沿革
2.1.1 高跟鞋的由來
2.1.2 高跟鞋基本構造
2.2 足部的構造與機能
2.2.1 足部的骨骼構造
2.2.2 足部的肌肉與機能
2.3 站姿與步態
2.3.1 站姿
2.3.2 步態
2.4 高跟鞋相關研究
2.5 足底壓力量測
2.5.1 足底壓力量測
2.5.2 足底壓力研究之量測分區及分析項目
2.6 足部 EMG
2.6.1 EMG
2.6.2 足部 EMG 相關研究
2.7　小結
三、問卷調查
3.1 研究目的
3.2 研究方法
3.3 結果與討論
3.3.1 受測者基本資料
3.3.2 穿著及購買習慣
四、不同鞋跟對足部負荷之影響
4.1 研究目的
4.2 研究方法
4.3 研究對象
4.4 研究設備
4.5 依變項
4.6 研究程序
4.7 結果與討論
4.7.1 站立
4.7.2 行走
4.8 小結
五、不同鞋楦對足部負荷之影響
5.1 研究目的
5.2 研究方法
5.3 研究對象
5.4 研究設備
5.5 研究項目
5.6 研究程序
5.7 結果與討論
5.7.1 站立
5.7.2 行走
5.8 小結
六、結論與建議
6.1 問卷調查
6.2 不同鞋跟對足部負荷之影響
6.3 不同鞋楦對足部負荷之影響
參考文獻

Adrian M. J., Cooper J.M. (1989). Biomechanics of Human Movements. Benchmark Press INC., Indianapolis, US.
Agostini V., Nascimbeni A., Gaffuri A., Imazio P., Benedetti M.G., Knaflitz M. (2009). Normative EMG activation patterns of school-age children during gait. Gait & Posture, Vol. 32, P.285-289.
Amit G., Megido-Ravid M., Itzchak Y., Arcan M. (2002). Analysis of muscular fatigue and foot stability during high-heeled gait. Gait & Posture, Vol.15, P.56-63.
Barkema D. D., Derrick T. R., Martin P. E. (2012). Heel height affects lower extremity frontal plane joint moments during walking. Gait & Posture, Vol. 35, P.483–488.
Bird A. R., Bendrups A. P., Payne C. B. (2003). The effect of foot wedging on electromyographic activity in the erector spinae and gluteus medius muscles during walking. Gait & Posture, Vol. 18, P.81-91.
Bisiaux M., Moretto P. (2008). The effects of fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in walking. . Gait & Posture, Vol. 28, P.693-698.
Broch N. L., Wyller T., Steen H. (2004). Effects of Heel Height and Shoe Shape on the Compressive Load Between Foot and Base. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, Vol 94, P.461-469.
Brown M., Rudicel S., Esquenazi A. (1995). Measurement of dynamic pressure at the shoe-foot interface during normal walking with various foot orthoses using a new version of the FSCAN system. Gait and Posture, Vol. 3, P.94-95.
Caroline M. S., Rieny J.H. V. M., Sjors A.F.C.M. M., Geert H.I.M. W. (2005). The higher the heel the higher the forefoot-pressure in ten healthy women. The Foot, Vol.15 , P.17-21.
Chiu M.C., Wang M.J. (2007). The effect of gait speed and gender on perceived exertion, muscle activity, joint motion of lower extremity, ground reaction force and heart rate during normal walking. Gait & Posture, Vol.25, P.385-392.
Ebbeling C. J., Hanmill J., Crussemeyer J. A. (1994). Lower Extremity Mechanics and Energy Cost of Walking in High-Heeled Shoes. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, Vol. 19, P.190-196.
Eisenhardt J. R., Cook D., Pregler I., Foehl H. C. (1996). Changes in temporal gait characteristics and pressure distribution for bare feet versus various heel heights. Gait & Posture, Vol.4, P.280-286.
Esenyel M., Walsh K., Walden J.G., Gitter A. (2003). Kinetics of high-heeled gait. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, Vol.93 (1), P. 27-32.
Gerber S. B., Costa R. V., Grecco L. A. C., Pasini H., Marconi N. F., Oliveira C. S. (2012). Interference of high-heeled shoes in static balance among young women. Human Move Science.
Gu Y., Rong M., Ruan G. (2011). The Outsole Pressure Distribution Character during Highheeled Walking. Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol.8, P.464-468.
Hall S. J. (1995). Basic Biomechanics. The McGraw-Hill Companoes, INC, US.
heart rate during normal walking. Gait & Posture, Vol. 25, P.385-392.
Henderson P. D., Scholar M.N, State P. (2004). A Biomechanical Evaluation of Standing in High-Heeled Shoes. The McNair Articles Journal, Vol.11. P.25-38.
Hof A.L., Elzinga H., Grimmius W., Halbersma T.P.K. (2002). Speed dependence of averaged EMG profiles in walking. Gait & Posture, Vol. 16, P.78-86.
Iunes D., Monte-Raso W., Santos C., Castro F., Salgado H. (2008). Postural influence of high heels among adult women: analysis by computerized photogrammetry. Rev Bras Fisioter, Vol.12(6), P.454-459.
Kerrigan D.C., Todd M.K., Riley P.O. (1998). Knee osteoarthritis and high-heeled shoes. The Lancet, Vol.351 (9), P.1399-1401.
Kim B. O., Cho K. H., Chung H. S. (1996). Repeatability of kinematic data in normal adult gait. Gait & Posture, Vol. 4, P.167–208.
Kunzle D. (2004). Fashion and Fetishism: Corsets, Tight-Lacing, and Other Forms of Body-Sculpting. Sutton Publishing Limited, Thrupp, UK.
Lee C., Jeong E., Andris F. (2001). Biomechanical effects of wearing high-heeled shoes. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.28, P.321-326.
Lee Y., Hong W. (2004). Effects of shoe inserts and heel height on foot pressure, impac force, and perceived comfort during walking. Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 36, P.355-362.
Linder, M., Saltzman, C.L. (1998). A history of medical scientists on high heels. International Journal of Health, Services 28, P.201–225.
Martina C., Petr H. (2008). The influence of heel height on plantar pressure. Clinical Biomechanics, Vol.23, P.662-720.
Mayne D. (2010). Types of High Heel Shoes. eHow. http://www.ehow.com/about_5514719_types-high-heel-shoes.html#ixzz1HrIC7uMp.
McBride ID, Wyss UP, Cooke TDV, Murphy L, Phillips J, Olney SJ. (1991). First metatarsophalangeal joint reaction forces during high-heel gait. Foot Ankle, Vol.11(5), P.282-288.
Menz H., Morris M. (2005). Footwear characteristics and foot problems in older people. Gerontology, Vol.51, P.34-51.
Murley G. S., Buldt A. K., Trump P. J., Wickham J. B. (2009). Tibialis posterior EMG activity during barefoot walking in people with neutral foot posture. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 19, P.69-77.
Naemi R., Chevalier T., Healy A., Chockalingam N. (2012). The effect of the use of a walkway and the choice of the foot on plantar pressure assessment when using pressure platforms. The Foot.
Nieto E., Nahigian S.H. (1975). Severe ankle injuries while wearing elevated platform shoes. Ohio Medicine, Vol.71, P. 137–141.
Periyasamy R., Mishra A., Anand S., Ammini A.C. (2011). Preliminary investigation of foot pressure distribution variation in men and women adults while standing. The Foot, Vol.21, P.142-148.
Price D. (1994). Modern shoemaking. SATRA Technology Centre, Kettering, U.S.
Random History.com (2008). Dangerous Elegance-A History of High-Heeled Shoes. http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/036heels.html.
Rexford N. E. (2000). Women’s Shoes in America, 1795-1930. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.
Saro C., Andren B., Tsai L. F., Lindgren U., Arndt A. (2007). Plantar pressure distribution and pain after distal osteotomy for hallux valgus－A prospective study of 22 patients with 12-month follow-up, The Foot, Vol.17, P.84-93.
Shoe-design.com (2006). Glossary of Terms for Women''s Shoe Styles. http://www.shoe-design.com/glossary-footwear-definitions.html.
Snow R., Williams K., Holmes G. Jr. (1992). The effects of wearing high heeled shoes on pedal pressure in women. Foot Ankle, Vol.13, P.85-92.
Soames R.W., Clark C. (1985). Heel height-induced changes in metatarsal loading patterns during gait. Biomechanics Vol.IX-A, P.446-450.
Swann J. (1984). Shoes. Butler & Tanner Ltd., London, England.
Valentini R., Martinelli B., Mezzarobba S., De Michiel A., Toffano M. (2009). Optokinetic analysis of gait cycle during walking with 1 cm- and 2 cm-high heel lifts. The Foot, Vol.19, P.44–49.
West J. (1993). The Shoe in Art, the Shoe as Art. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey.

La new（2010）。台灣女性高跟鞋使用習慣調查。La new足部研究所。 http://www.lanew.com.tw/footcare.aspx?uid=1
人體解剖學（胡明一、陳懿慧、謝慧瑛、孫穆乾譯）(2008)。藝軒圖書出版社，台北。(原著出版年： 1999 年)
日本足部、鞋子與健康協會 (2011) 。JIS鞋子尺寸表.。http://www.fha.gr.jp/data/size3.html
石建璋、陳明仁、陳柏鴻、張沛綾、劉芙蓉、蔡小蓮、李孟倫、蕭瑩螢 (2010)。高跟鞋鞋型對足部生理壓力、偏移量變化探討。第18屆中華民國人因工程學會年會暨學術研討會。
林意欣 (2007)。生物力學對鞋舒適性之影響。鞋技中心技術報告，http://www.bestmotion.com/footwear/files/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%9E%8B%E8%88%92%E9%81%A9%E6%80%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF-1.pdf
許樹淵 (1997)。運動生物力學。合記出版社，台北。
琳達‧歐姬芙 (2006) 。你不可不知道的經典名鞋及其設計師。高談文化事業有限公司、台北。 (原著出版年： 1996 年)
鞋技中心 (2007)。生物力學對鞋舒適性之影響。鞋技中心技術報告， http://www.shoenet.org.tw/footwear/footwear50.asp