臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要針對市售二十六種精油分析其清除DPPH自由基能力、螯合亞鐵離子能力、還原能力、清除ABTS․+自由基與總酚含量測定，並針對抗氧化能力較佳之精油進行氣相層析質譜儀（GC-MS）之主要化學成分分析。此外，進一步探討反應時間對不同抗氧化測定方法的影響。結果顯示，（1）精油濃度為1.0mg/mL時，清除DPPH 自由基能力以黑胡椒精油95.87%清除率最佳，其EC50 為124.31µg/mL，10分鐘已具有反應60分鐘的93.76%清除能力；（2）精油濃度為1.0mg/mL時，螯合亞鐵離子能力以尤加利精油86.45%螯合率最佳，其EC50 為207.65µg/mL，反應10分鐘已具有反應60分鐘的98.46%螯合能力；（3）當精油濃度為5.0mg/mL時，黑胡椒精油114.79% of BHA還原率最好，反應20分鐘已具有反應60分鐘的99.26%；（4）清除ABTS․+自由基能力以黑胡椒精油90.88%清除率為最好，EC50為101.43µg/mL，在反應10分鐘已有反應60分鐘時的97.82%；（5）酚類含量測定之結果顯示，以黑胡椒精油總酚含量為222.84mg of GAE/g明顯相較其他精油高，其次天竺葵及伊蘭伊蘭等精油依序為36.26及26.54mg of GAE/g。進一步以GC-MS分析黑胡椒精油的主成分為丁香酚（Eugenol）佔59.02%，實驗證實丁香酚為黑胡椒精油清除DPPH 自由基、還原能力、清除ABTS․+ 自由基與總酚含量測定之主要成分。在檢測二十六種精油之四種抗氧化能力時，黑胡椒及尤加利精油只要反應10分鐘，即可以判別為抗氧化能力最好的精油。抗氧化能力越好之精油，其所受到反應時間的影響並不大。

In this study, twenty-six commonly used essential oils were employed to investigate the DPPH radical scavenging ability, total phenolic contenta,metal chelating activity, reducing power, ABTS․+ radical cation decolorisation capacity and analysis of their major chemical copositions by GC-MS. In addition, probe into the influence of reaction time on the determination of different antioxidant effects.（1）The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging ability of Blackpepper essential oil（1.0mg/mL,95.87 % scavenging）is the best in these essential oils and EC50 values is 124.31µg/mL. It were shown 10 minutes（reation time）had a response 60 minutes（reation time） 93.76% scavenging. （2）The metal chelating activity of Eucalptus essential oil（1.0mg/mL,86.45% chelating acitivity） is the best in these essential oils, EC50 values is 207.65µg/mL. It were shown 10 minutes had a response 60 minutes 98.46% chelating acitivity. （3）The reducing power of Blackpepper essential oil is the best in these essential oils. 5mg/mL of Blackpepper essential oil was shown equivalent of 114.79％ of BHA and 20 minutes had a response 60 minutes 99.26% reducing power. （4）The ABTS•+ ree radical scavenging ability of Blackpepper essential oil（1.0mg/mL,90.88% scavenging） is the best in these essential oils, EC50 values is 101.43µg/mL. It were shown 10 minutes had a response 60 minutes 97.82% chelating acitivity. （5）1.0mg/mL of Blackpepper essential oils were shown 222.84mg of GAE/g of total phenolic contents. As long as a 10 minute, that can quickly found Blackpepper and Eucalptus essential oil were the best antioxidative of the twenty-six essential oils. The their major chemical compounds of Blackpepper essential oil is Eugenol, identified by GC-MS. The influence of the best antioxidative essential oil is few on time.

中文摘要…………………………………………………………………… Ⅰ
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………… Ⅱ
目錄…………………………………………………………………………
表目錄……………………………………………………………………… Ⅵ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………… Ⅶ

第一章 前言………………………………………………………………… 1
第二章 文獻探討…………………………………………………………… 4
第一節 植物精油與芳香療法介紹…………………………………… 4
第二節 生物體抗氧化系統之探討…………………………………… 8
第三節 活性氧在生物體之氧化性傷害與疾病之相關性…………… 12
第四節 人體內之抗氧化防禦系統………………………………………… 15
第五節 天然植物的抗氧化研究概況……………………………………… 23
第六節 研究目的…………………………………………………………… 25

第三章 材料與方法………………………………………………………… 26
第一節 實驗架構……………………………………………………… 26
第二節 實驗材料與儀器設備………………………………………… 27
第三節 實驗方法……………………………………………………… 33

第四章 結果與討論………………………………………………………… 40
第一節 總酚含量測定………………………………………………… 40
第二節 清除DPPH自由基能力測定…………………………………… 41
第三節 螯合亞鐵離子能力測定…………………………………………… 55
第四節 還原能力測定……………………………………………………… 68
第五節 清除ABTS•+自由基能力測定……………………………………… 82

第五章 結論………………………………………………………………… 95

第六章 參考文獻…………………………………………………………… 100
第七章 附錄………………………………………………………………… 114
附錄一 二十六種精油之總酚含量、DPPH自由基清除率、亞鐵離子
螯合率、還原能力及 ABTS•+自由基清除率總表

1.Harman, D. (1992) Role of free radicals in aging and diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 673: 126-41.
2.Kohen, R. (1999) Skin antioxidants:their role in aging and in oxidative stree-New approaches for their evaluation. Biomed and Pharmacother, 53: 181-92.
3.Stadtman, E. R. (1990) Protein oxidation and aging, Sciences, 257: 1220-4.
4.Ames, B. N. , Gold, L. S. and Willett, W. C. (1995) The cause and prevention of cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92: 5258-65.
5.陳威丞、李綉鈴 (2004) 兼具酪胺酸酶抑制力及抗氧化力中藥材之篩選。大同大學生物工程學碩究所碩士論文。
6.Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1989) Free radicals, ageing and disease. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 484-487.
7.Harman, D. (1993) Free radical involvement in aging. Drugs Aging, 3: 60-80.
8.Block, G. (1992) Vitamin C status and cancer. Epidemiologic evidence of reduced risk. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 669: 280-286
9.Shahrzad, S., Cadenas, E., Sevanian, A. and Packer, L. (2002) Impact of water-dispersible beadlets as a vehicle for the delivery of carotenoids to cultured cells. Biofactors, 16: 83-91.
10.Zhang, H. and Chen, F. (2006) Evaluation of antioxidant activity of parsley (petroselinum crispum) essential oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents, Food Research International, 39: 33-839.
11.Tepe, B. and Tepe, A. S. (2007) Chemical composition and activity of the essential of Clinopodium vulgare L. Food Chemistry, 103: 66-770.
12.Chinnici, F., Bendini, A., Gaiani, A. and Riponi, C. (2004) Radical scavenging activities of peels and pulps from cv. Golden delicious apples as related to their phenolic composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 4684-4689.
13.Schieber, A., Keller, P. and Carle, R. (2001) Journal of Chromatography A, 910: 65-273.
14.Atsumi, T., Fujisawa, S. and Tonosaki, K. (2005) A comparative study of the antioxidant/prooxidant actvities of eugenol and isoeugenol with various concentrations and oxidation conditions. Toxicology in Vitro, 19: 1025-1033.
15.Dorman, H., Figueiredo, A., Barroso, J. and Deans, S. (2000) In vitro antioxidant activity of a number of plant essential oils and phytoconstituents. The Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12: 241-248.
16.Farag, R. S., Badei, A. Z. M. A. and El Baroty, G. S. A. (1989) Influence of thyme and clove essential oils on cotton seed oil oxidation. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 66: 800-804.
17.Lis-Balchin, E., Deans, S. and Eaglesham, E. (1998) Relationship between bioactivity and chemical composition of commercial essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18: 98-104.
18.Ogata, M., Kaneya, D., Shin-Ya, K., Li, L., Abe, Y., Katon, H., Seki, S., Seki, Y., Gonda, R., Urano, S. and Endo, T. (2005) Trapping effect of eugenol on hydroxyl radicals induced by L-DOPA in vitro. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 53: 1167-1170.
19.Shan, B., Cai, Y., Sun, M. and Corke, H. (2005) Antioxidant capacity of 26 extracts and characterization of their constituents. Journal of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 7749-7759.
20.Campos, A. M. and Lissi, E. A.. (1995) Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of herbal teas by a procedure based on the bleaching of ABTS radical cations. Boletín de la Sociedad Chilena de Química, 40: 375-381.
21.Lamiason, J. L., C. P. Freytet and A. Carnat. (1991) Medicinal Lamiaceae with antioxidant properties,a potential source of rosmarinic acid. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, 66: 185-188.
22.Mimica-Dukic, N. , Bozin, B. , Sokovic, M. and Simin., N. (2004) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. Journal of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 2485-2489.
23.Sharma, Om P. and Bhat, Tej K. (2009) DPPH antioxidant assay revisited. Food Chemistry, 113: 1202-1205.
24.Mimica-Dukic, N., Bozin, B., Sokovic, M. and Simin, N. (2004) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 2485-2489.
25.Karioti, A., Hadjipavlou-Litina, D., Mensah, M. L., Fleischer, T. C. and Skaltsa, H. (2004) Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica (Dun) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) leaves, stem bark, root bark, and fresh and dried fruits, growing in Ghana. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 8094-8098.
26.Eklund, P. C., Langvik, O. K., Warna, J. P., Salmi, T. O.,Willfor, S. M. and Sjoholm, R. E. (2005) Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanisms and free radical scavenging properties of lignans. Organic and Bimolecular Chemistry, 21: 3336-3347.

27.Robards, D. R., Bedgood Jr., K., Prenzler, P. D., Obied, H.K. (2007) Bioscreening of Australian olive mill waste extracts: Biophenol content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and molluscicidal activities. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45: 1238–1248
28.Chen, Y. C., Sugiyama, Y., Abe, N., Kuruto-Nima, R., Nozawa R. and Hirota, A. (2005) DPPH radical scavenging compounds from Dou-Chi, a soybean fermented food. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 69: 999-1006.
29.Chien, P. J., Sheu, F., Huang, W. T. and Su, M. S. (2007) Effect of molecular weight of chitosans on their antioxidative activities in apple juice. Food Chemistry, 102: 1192-1198.
30.Govindarajan, R., Rastogi, S., Vijayakumar, M., Shirwaikar, A., Rawat, A. K. S. and Mehrotra, S. et al. (2003) Studies on the antioxidant activities of Desmodium gangeticum. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26: 1424-1427.
31.Kano, M., Takayanagi, T., Harada, K., Makino, K. and Ishikawa, F. (2005) Antioxidative activity of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato Ipomoera batatas cultivar Ayamurasaki. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 69: 979-988.
32.Saito, S., Okamoto, Y.and Kawabata, J. (2004) ,Effect of alcoholic solvents on antiradical abilities of protocatechuic acid and its alkyl esters. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 68: 1221-1227.
33.Tepe, B., Sokmen, M., Akpulat, H. A. and Sokmen, A. (2005) In vitro antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of four Helichrysum species from Turkey. Food Chemistry, 90: 685-689.
34.Alma, M. H., Mavi, A., Yildirim, A., Digrak, M. and Hirata, T. (2003) Screening chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Origanum syriacum L. growing in Turkey. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26:1725-1729.
35.K. H. , beena Farvin, Caroline P. , Baron, Nina Skall, Nielsen and Charlotte, Jacobsen (2010) Antioxidant activity of yoghurt peptides: Part 1-in vitro assays and evaluation in ω-3 enriched milk. Food Chemistry, 124: 1081-1089.
36.Alma, M. H., Mavi, A., Yildirim, A., Digrak, M. and Hirata, T. (2003) Screening chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Origanum syriacum L. growing in Turkey. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26: 1725-1729.
37.Kim, H. J., Chen, F., Wu, C., Wang, X., Chung, H. Y. and Jin, Z. (2004) Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil and its components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 2849-2854.
38.Mimura, T., Yazaki, K., Sawaki, K., Ozawa T. and Kawaguchi, M. (2005) Hydroxyl radical scavenging effects of guaiacol used in traditional dental pulp sedation:Reaction kinetic study. Biomedical Research (Tokyo), 26: 139-145.
39.郭肇凱、張隆仁、楊豐旭、許輔、陳榮五 (2006) 新引進藥用植物之活性分析初步研究。臺中區農業改良場研究彙報。93: 1-14。
40.吳怡蕙、林清宮 (2009) 精油之抗菌、抗氧化分析及光毒性探討。嘉南藥理科技大學化妝品科技研究所碩士論文。
41.Jane Buckle (1999) Use of Aromatherapy as A Complementary Treatment for Chronic Pain, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. Aliso Viejo, 5(5): 42-51..
42.Dubery, V. S., Bhalla, R. and Rajeshluthra (2003) An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. J. Biosci, 28(5).
43.Mahmoud, S. S. and Croteau, R. (2002) Strategies for transgenic manipulation of monoterpene biosynthesis in plants. Trends Plant Sci., 7: 366-373.
44.Ruberto, G. and Baratta, M. T. (2000) Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chemistry, 69: 167-174.
45.Ramarathnam, N., Osawa, T., Ochi, H. and Kawakishi, S. (1995) The contribution of plant food antioxidants to human health. Trends in Food Sci Technol, 6(3): 75-82.
46.Sheldon, R. , Pinnell, Durham, M. D. and North Carolina (2003) Cutaneous photodamage,oxidative stress and topical antioxidant protection. Journal of Am Acad Dermatol, 48:1-19.
47.Young, I. S. and Woodside, J. V. (2001) Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal of Clin Pathol, 54:176-186.
48.Bergendi, L., Benes, L., Durackova, Z. and Ferencik, M (1999) Chemistry, physiologyand pathology of free radicals. Life Science, 65:1865-1874.
49.Darr, D. and Fridovich, I. (1994) Free radicals in cutaneous biology. Journal of Invest Dermatol, 102:671-675.
50.Urbach, F. (1997) Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer of humans. Journal of Photochem Photobiol B, 40:3-7.
51.Simic, M. G. (1988) Mechanisms of inhibition of freeradical processes in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res., 202: 377-386.
52.Anderson, D. and Phillips, B. J. (1999) Comparative in vitro and in vivo effects of antioxidants. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 37: 1015-1025.
53.Foote, C.S. , Valentine, J.S., Greenberg, A.and Liebman, J. F. (1985) Active oxygen in chemistry. Chapman and Hall, New York.
54.林天送（1995）羥基自由基：毒性極高的破壞分子。健康世界。112 : 6-10。
55.Spencer, J. P. , Jenner, A. , Chimel, K. , Aruoma 01. Cross CE. Wu, R. and Halliwell, B. (1995) DNA strand breakage and base modification induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment of human respiratory tract epithelial cells. FEBS Letters, 374: 233-236.
56.Pryor, W. (1988) Why is the hydroxyl radical the onle radical that commonly adds to DNA. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 4: 219-223.
57.Beckman, K. B. and Ames, B. N. (1997) Oxidative decay of DNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272: 19633-19636.
58.Kohen, R. , Kakunda, A. and Rubinstein, A. (1992) The role of cationized catalase and cationized glucose oxidase in mucosal oxidative damage in the rat jejumum. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267: 21349-21354.
59.Mahmoodi, H. , Hadley, M. , Chang, Y. X. and Draper, H. H. (1995) Increased formation and degradation of malondialdehyde-modified proteins under conditions of peroxidative stress. Lipids, 30(10): 963-976.
60.Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1990) Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Methods Enzymology, 186: 1-85.
61.Davies, K. J. A. (1987) Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. In general aspects. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262: 9895-9901.
62.Frankel, E. N. (1991) Recent advances in lipid oxidation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 54: 495-511.
63.Esterbauer, H. and Cheeseman, K. (1990) Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. Methods Enzymol, 186: 407-421.

64.Gutteridge, J. M. C. and Halliwell, B. (1990) The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 15: 129-135.
65.Imlay, J. A. and Linn, S. (1998) DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity. Sciences, 240: 1302.
66.Saul, R. L. and Ames, B. N. (1986) Background levels of DNA damage in the population. Basic life sciences, 38: 529-535.
67.Cheng, K. C., Cahill, D. S., Kasai, H., Nishimura, S. and Loeb, L. A. (1992) 8-hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage, causes GT and AC substitution. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267: 166-172.
68.Gordon, M. H. (1990) Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: some problems and concepts. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 246: 501-514.
69.Shahidi, F. and Wanasindara, P. K. J. P. D. (1992) Phenolic antioxidants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 32: 29-34.
70.Podda, M. , Traber, M. G. , Weber, C. , Yan, L. J. and Packer, L. (1998) UV-irradiation depletes antioxidants and cause damage in a model of human skin. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 24: 55-56.
71.Evelson, P. , Ordonez, C. P. , Llesuy S. and Boveris, A. (1997) Oxidative stress and in vivo chemiluminescence in mouse skin exposed to UVA radiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology, 38: 215-219.
72.Katiyar, S. K. and Elmets, C. A. (2001) Green tea antioxidants and skin photoprotection. International Journal of Oncology, 18: 1907-1913.
73.Afag, F. and Mukhtar, H. (2001) Eddects of solar radiation on cutaneous deroxidants. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol, 63: 61-69.
74.Afag, F. and Mukhtar, H. (2002) Photochemoprevention by botanical antioxidants. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol, 15: 297-306.
75.Peus, D. ,Vasa, R. A. and Meves, A. (1998) H2O2 is an important mediator of UVB-induced EGF-receptor phosphorylation in cultured keratinocytes. Journal Invest Dermatol, 110: 996-971.
76.Peus, D. ,Vasa, R. A. and Meves, A. (1999) UVB activates ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways via reactive oxygen species in cultured keratinocytes. Journal Invest Dermatol, 112:751-756.
77.Dreher, D. and Junod, A. F. (1996) Role of oxygen free radicals in cancer development. European Journal of Cancer, 32: 30-38.
78.Kurilich, A. C., Tsau, G. J., Brown, A., Howard, L., Klein, B. P., Jeffery, E. H., Kushad, M., Wallig, M. A. and Juvik, J. A. (1999) Carotene, tocopherol and ascor bate contents in subspecies of Brassicaoleracea. Journal of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47: 1576-1581.
79.Ashok, B. T. and Ali, R. (1999) The aging paradox: free radical theory of aging. Experimental Gerontology, 34: 293-303.
80.Conner, E. M. and Grisham, M. B. (1996) Inflammation free radicals and antioxidants. Nutrition, 12: 274-277.
81.Koner, B. C., Banerjee, B. D. and Ray, A. (1997) Effects of in-vivo generation of oxygen free radicals on immune responsiveness in rabbits. Immunol. Lett, 59: 127-131.
82.Davies, K. J. A. (1986) Intracellular proteolytic systems may function as secondary antioxidant defenses: a hypothesis. Journal Free Radicals Biological Chemistry, 2: 155-173.
83.Reiter, R. J. (1998) Oxidative damage in the central nervous system: protection by melatonin. Progress in Neurobiology, 56: 359-384.
84.丁克祥、呂鋒洲、邱仲峰 (1996) ，SOD 生物醫學淺論，頁204-228。台北市藝軒出版社。
85.Roveri, A., Maiorino, M. and Ursini, F. (1994) Enzymatic and immunological measurements of soluble and membrane-bound PHGPx. Methods Enzymol, 233: 202-212.
86.Sattler, W., Maiorino, M. and Stocker, R. (1994) Reduction of LDL and LDL-associated cholesterylester and phospholipid hydroperoxides by phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase and ebselen (PZ51). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 309: 214-221.
87.Thomas, J. P., Maiorino, M., Ursini, F. and Girotti, A. W. (1990) Protective action of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase against membrane-damaging lipid peroxidation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265: 454-461.
88.Ursini, F. and Bindoli, A. (1987) The role of selenium peroxidases in the protection against oxidative damage of membranes. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 44: 255-276.
89.謝秋蘭（2000）杜仲水萃取物抗氧化機能性之研究。國立中興大學食品科學研究所博士論文。
90.高馥君、李敏雄（1998）食品保存與抗氧化劑。食品工業，30(12): 17-24。
91.Munne-Bosch, S. and Alegre, L. (2002) The function of tocopherols and tocotrienols in planrs. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 21: 31-57.
92.Fukuzawa, K. , Matsuura, K. Tokumura, A. , Suzuki, A.and Trao, J. (1997) Kinetic and dynamics of singlet oxygen scavenging by alpha-tocopherol in phospholipid model membranes. Free Radicals Biological Chemistry, 22: 923-930.
93.Kittss, D. (1997) An evaluation of the multiple effects of antioxidantivit amins. Trends in Food Sciences and Technol, 8(6): 198-203.
94.Kivirikko, K. I. and Myllyla, R. (1985) Post-translational processing of procollagens. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 460: 187-201.
95.Rouseff, R. and Nagy, S. (1994) Health and nutrition benefits of citrus fruit components. Food Technology, 48(11): 125-139.
96.Jones, D. P., Brown, L. A. S. and Sternberg, P. (1995) Variability in glutathione-dependent detoxication in vivo and its relevance to detoxication of chemical mixtures. Toxicology, 105: 267-274.
97.李士瑛、黃進發、廖啟成（2000）天然抗氧化素材GSH、SOD及 Astazanthin之開發與應用。生物產業。11: 155-163。
98.Cadenas, E. (1995) Mechanisms of oxygen activation and reactive oxygen species detoxification. In “Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defenses in Biology”. Ahmad, S. Chapman and Hall, Eds., International Thomaon Publishing Inc, New York, 1-25.
99.Dziezak, J. D. (1986) Preservatives: antioxidants. Food Technology, 40: 94-102.
100.Branen, A. C. (1975) Toxicology and biochemistry of butylatedhydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 52: 59-63.
101.Imida, K. S., Fukshima, T., Sgiva, M., Ohtani, K. and Nakanishi, N. I. (1983) Promoting activities of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene on 2-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis and inhibition of γ-glutamyl transpeptidease-positive foci development in the liver of rats. Carcinogensis, 4: 885-889.
102.Larson, R. A. (1988) The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochem, 27: 969-978.
103.Horvathova, E. , Slamenova, D. and Navarova, J. (2010) Administration of rosemary essential oil enhances resistance of rat hepatocytes against DNA-damaging oxidative agents. Food Chemistry, 123 (1): 151-156.
104.Bozin, B., Mimica, D. N., Samojlik, I. and Jovin, E. (2007) Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistr, 55(19): 7879-7885.
105.D. , Ryman (1992) Aromatherapy: The encyclopaedia of plants and oils and how they help you, Piatkus, London, UK, pp. 163-165.