臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

將收集之71種菊科種子育苗測試其對南方根瘤線蟲之感病性，選擇百日草、萬壽菊、孔雀草，紋瓣大波斯菊、五爪金英及天人菊等6種抗性植物進行輪作及間作防治蕹菜南方根瘤線蟲病害試驗，防治效果以天人菊最優。外國進口之夏艷品種、台北白沙灣及澎湖之天人菊品種經感病性測試，皆為抗性，生長情形以澎湖之品種最好，其次為台北白沙灣之天人菊，而發芽率則以夏艷品種最高，達96%。不同花色之天人菊品系粗萃取水溶液，對南方根瘤線蟲之殺蟲效果於統計分析上有顯著差異，以舌狀紅花末端黃色品系之根組織粗萃取液效果最好，處理24小時致死率可達100%；根組織粗萃取液對葉芽線蟲、松材線蟲、根腐線蟲及腎形線蟲也有50%以上的致死率；其莖葉粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲之抑制孵化率，效果優於根組織粗萃取液，其處理之卵塊僅49隻二齡線蟲孵化，孵化率為對照組水處理的五分之一。粗萃取液之殺線蟲濃度以7%~10%最佳，致死率在90%以上，此粗萃取液澆灌於土壤中，可明顯降低線蟲之感染，僅有1個根瘤形成遠低於對照組之58個根瘤。天人菊之液體培養適合條件，為酸鹼值8.5葡萄糖濃度10000ppm之Gamborg''s B5培養液，適合溫度為24℃或28℃；其收集之根分泌物溶液，於3000ppm時可抑制線蟲卵之孵化且對南方根瘤線蟲具有99%的致死率。天人菊適合種植於中性及微鹼性之紅土、砂土及砂壤土等本省線蟲病最嚴重之土壤，12~32℃皆適合幼苗於砂壤土中生長；其根尖組織對南方根瘤線蟲具9.1%的誘引率，莖及葉部組織對線蟲具忌避效果，誘引率分別為-4.5%及-4.9%。濃度10%之全草粗萃取液於溫室中，對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果優於5%及1%者，於植前澆灌粗萃取液於土壤中，對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果優於植後處理；南方根瘤線蟲經粗萃取液處理後接種於蕹菜根部，對植物生長之危害低於線蟲接種於土壤中方澆灌粗萃取液之處理。5%及10%生鮮植體添加於土壤中，對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果優於處理乾燥植體粉末及對照組；株齡為5個月之生鮮植體防治效果優於株齡為1個月者，但於統計分析上並無顯著差異。1、3及5株天人菊與蕹菜合植，以5株對線蟲之孵化抑制率最高，僅22隻線蟲孵化，低於對照組之94隻，但株數增加會抑制蕹菜之生長。比較添加1%乾燥粉末、5%生鮮植體、澆灌10%粗萃取液、天人菊輪作及天人菊間作之處理，第一季之蕹菜以添加生鮮植體生長情形最好，第二季之蕹菜以天人菊輪作之生長情形最好。田間試驗之防治效果，第一、二季之蕹菜皆以添加生鮮植體生長情形最好。天人菊植體內之有效抗蟲成分經分析為高極性、陰離子性型態，殺蟲物質在一種以上。

Results of testing susceptibility of 71 Asteraceace plants to Meloidogyne incognita indicated that Zinnia elegans, Tagetes patula, Tagetes eracta, Gaillardia pulchella, Cosmos bipinnatus and Tithonia diversifolia were resistant to and had the potential for controlling Meloidogyne incognita. The results showed that Gaillardia pulchella was more significantly effective in controlling plant nematode disease in the greenhouse.10% crude root extracts of G. pulchella were directly toxic to Meloidogyne incognita under laboratory condition, at 24hr exposure, nematodes were all dead. The extracts were also toxic to Aphelenchoides besseyi, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Pratylenchus coffeae and Rotylenchus reniformis, causing mortalities more than 50%. Stem and leaf extracts could reduce significantly egg hatching ratios of Meloidogyne incognita. Water extracts of G. pulchella whole plant tissue at concentrations of 7%~10% could kill 90% of nematodes. Addition to soil of extracts decreased nematode populations in soil and prohibited gall formation in Ipomoea reptans roots. Gamborg’s B5 solution containing 10000ppm glucose, pH 8.5 was found to be the most optimal for growing G. pulchella. Root exudates at a concentration of 3000ppm could kill 99% of nematodes and inhibit egg hatching ratios of Meloidogyne incognita. G. pulchella grows well in sand, sand loam and red soil, at pH 6.5~8.0. The seedling developed well in sand loam soil at 12~32℃. Studies on chemotaxis of Meloidogyne incognita to G. pulchella showed that the root tissue could attract nematode with the food-finding (%) at 9.1%, but stem and leaf expelled nematode with the food-finding (%) at -4.5% and -4.9%, respectively. It was found that 10% extracts of G. pulchella was more effective than 5% and 1% for controlling the root-knot nematode in greenhouse. Adding extract to soil before planting I. Reptans was more effective for controlling nematode than treatment after planting. Damage caused by nematodes which treated with extracts before inoculation was lower than treated in soil. The greenhouse test showed that soil mixed with 5% or 10% fresh pieces of G. pulchella was able to control nematode disease; the effect was better than its dry powders. The degree of fresh pieces obtained from different growth stage of G. pulchella on controlling nematode disease was about the same. Mixing planting of 5 G. pulchella plants with I. reptans could inhibit egg hatching ratios, but the growth of I. reptans was decreased. Compaire different applications on controlling Meloidogyne incognita in field trial, Soil amendment with fresh pieces was the most effective for the control, while planting G. pulchella could reduce nematode populations in soil effectively. I. reptans which planted after G. pulchella grew well. Extracts of G. pulchella contained more than one nematicides which were high polarity and anion.

目 錄
壹、 前言………………………………………………………………….1
貳、 材料與方法………………………………………………………...14
一、供試線蟲之來源及培養…………………………………………..…14
(一) 南方根瘤線蟲之來源及培養…………………………………14
(二) 其它植物寄生性線蟲及腐生線蟲之來源……………………14
二、供試植物之栽培…………………………………………………..…14
(一) 蕹菜及菊科植物之栽培………………………..……………...14
(二) 天人菊栽培條件之選擇…………………………………….…15
1. 不同溫度對天人菊生長之影響…………………….…….…15
2. 不同質地及酸鹼值之土壤對天人菊生長之影響…………..16
三、南方根瘤線蟲之生物性探討………………………………………..16
(一) 南方根瘤線蟲孵化後不同天數對其感染蕹菜根部能力之影響
…………………………………………………………………16
(二) 南方根瘤線蟲寄生於蕹菜根部之生活史……….……………17
(三) 不同酸鹼值溶液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響………….…17
(四) 不同濃度葡萄糖之Gamborg''s B5培養液對南方根瘤線蟲
致死率之影響………………………………………………….18
(五) 不同濃度之氯化鈉溶液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響…….18
四、拮抗線蟲之菊科植物篩選…………………………………………..18
(一) 不同菊科植物對南方根瘤線蟲之抗感性比較………………..19
(二) 不同抗感性菊科植物後作對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果..……20
(三) 不同抗感性菊科植物與蕹菜混植對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果
...…..……..……………………………………………………..20
五、不同抗感性菊科植物粗萃取液對線蟲之影響……………..………20
(一) 粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響…………………….21
(二) 粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲感染蕹菜根部能力之影響……….21
(三) 粗萃取液對葉芽線蟲族群繁殖之影響……………………….21
六、南方根瘤線蟲對菊科植物之趨化性………………………………..22
(一) 對不同抗感性菊科植物根尖之趨化性…………….………….22
(二) 對天人菊之不同部位組織之趨化性……...…………………...23
七、拮抗線蟲之天人菊品種篩選…………………………………….….23
(一) 不同來源之天人菊植株特徵觀察及發芽率與感病性測試…..23
(二) 不同品系天人菊粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響…..24
八、天人菊根分泌物對南方根瘤線蟲之影響…………………………..24
(一) 天人菊組織培養容器之設計及培養液的選擇…………….….25
(二) 天人菊根分泌物的收集………………………………………..27
(三) 根分泌物對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響……………………..28
(四) 根分泌物對南方根瘤線蟲孵化率之影響……………………..28
九、天人菊植體粗萃取液對線蟲之影響………………………………..28
(一) 不同部位萃取液對線蟲致死率之影響………………………..28
(二) 不同部位粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲孵化率之影響…………..29
(三) 不同濃度之植體粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響….29
(四) 植體粗萃取液對土壤中南方根瘤線蟲族群消長之影響…….29
十、天人菊於溫室中對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果…………………….30
(一) 植體粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果…………….…..30
1. 不同濃度之粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果………...30
2. 粗萃取液對不同齡期南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果…..……….30
3. 粗萃取液浸泡南方根瘤線蟲或施用於感染土對線蟲之防治
效果………………………………………………………..…31
(二) 添加天人菊植體於土壤中對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果..….32
1. 不同株齡生鮮植體對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果………..….32
2. 乾燥植體粉末與生鮮植體對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果…...32
(三) 種植天人菊對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果…………………...33
1. 對土壤中南方根瘤線蟲族群消長之影響……………..…….33
2. 不同株數天人菊與蕹菜混植對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果...33
(四) 天人菊不同應用方式對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果………...33
十一、天人菊之拮抗線蟲成分之分析………………………………….34
(一) 天人菊植體之萃取溶媒的選擇……………………………….34
(二) 天人菊植體之萃取與分離…………………………………….35
十二、天人菊應用於田間對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果……..………...38
(一) 土壤質地、酸鹼值及線蟲相之調查………………………….38
(二) 試驗設計……………………………………………………….39
參、 結果………………………………………………………………..41
一、天人菊栽培條件之選擇…………………………………………….41
(一) 不同溫度對天人菊生長之影響……………………………….41
(二) 不同質地及酸鹼值之土壤對天人菊生長之影響…………….41
二、南方根瘤線蟲之生物性探討…………………………………….…41
(一) 南方根瘤線蟲孵化後不同天數對其感染蕹菜根部能力之影響
………………………………………………………………...42
(二) 南方根瘤線蟲寄生於空心菜根部之生活史………………...42
(三) 不同酸鹼值溶液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響…………...43
(四) 不同濃度葡萄糖之Gamborg''s B5培養液對南方根瘤線蟲
致死率之影響………………………………………………...44
(五) 不同濃度之氯化鈉溶液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響…...44
三、拮抗線蟲之菊科植物篩選…………………………….…………...45
(一) 不同菊科植物對南方根瘤線蟲之抗感性比較……………...45
(二) 不同抗感性菊科植物後作對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果…...45
(三) 不同抗感性菊科植物與蕹菜混植對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果
………………………………………………………………..46
四、不同抗感性菊科植物粗萃取液對線蟲之影響……………………46
(一) 粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響……………………46
(二) 粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲感染蕹菜根部能力之影響………47
(三) 粗萃取液對葉芽線蟲族群繁殖之影響………………………47
五、南方根瘤線蟲對菊科植物之趨化性………………………………48
(一) 對不同抗感性菊科植物根尖之趨化性………………………48
(二) 對天人菊之不同部位組織的趨化性…………………………48
六、拮抗線蟲之天人菊品種篩選………………………………………..49
(一) 不同來源之天人菊植株特徵、發芽率及感病性……………..49
(二) 不同品系之天人菊粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響..50
七、天人菊根分泌物對南方根瘤線蟲之影響…………………………..50
(一) 天人菊組織培養容器之設計及培養液的選擇………………..50
(二) 天人菊根分泌物的收集………………………………………..52
(三) 根分泌物對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響……………………..53
(四) 根分泌物對南方根瘤線蟲孵化率之影響……………………..53
八、天人菊植體粗萃取液對線蟲之影響……………………..…………53
(一) 不同部位之粗萃取液對線蟲致死率之影響………………….53
(二) 不同部位之粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲孵化率之影響……….54
(三) 不同濃度之植體粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲致死率之影響….54
(四) 植體粗萃取液對土壤中南方根瘤線蟲族群消長之影響…….55
九、天人菊於溫室中對南方根瘤線蟲的防治效果……………………..56
(一) 植體粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲的防治效果…………………..56
1. 不同濃度粗萃取液對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果………….56
2. 粗萃取液對不同齡期南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果………….56
3. 粗萃取液浸泡南方根瘤線蟲或施用於感染土對線蟲之防治
效果………………………………………………………..…57
(二) 添加生鮮植體於土壤中對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果………...57
1. 不同株齡生鮮植體對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果………….57
2. 乾燥植體粉末與生鮮植體對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果….58
(三) 種植天人菊對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果……………………...58
1. 對土壤中南方根瘤線蟲族群消長之影響………………….58
2. 不同株數天人菊與蕹菜混植對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果.59
(四) 天人菊不同應用方式對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果…………..59
十、天人菊之拮抗線蟲成分之分析……………………………………..60
(一) 天人菊植體之萃取溶媒的選擇………………………………..60
(二) 天人菊植體之萃取與分離……………………………………..60
十一、天人菊應用於田間對南方根瘤線蟲之防治效果………………..64
(一) 土壤質地、酸鹼值及線蟲相之調查…………………………..64
(二) 試驗結果………………………………………………………..64
肆、 討論………………………………………………………………...65
伍、 參考文獻…………………………………………………………...72
陸、 中文摘要…………………………………………………………...79
柒、 英文摘要…………………………………………………………...81
捌、 圖表…..………….…………………………………………………83

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