臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於科技日新月異，高科技產品不斷推陳出新，帶動市場的蓬勃發展，也引發競爭激烈的環境，企業必須著重成本的管理與控制以獲得競爭優勢。
本論文探討影響高科技產業產品成本的三種重要變數，並發展存貨成本模式。此三種變數為 (1)存貨持有成本 (2)運輸成本 (3)保固成本。 正確的評估成本將有助於瞭解產品的價值，以顧客的觀點評估產品的價值將是產品行銷的核心。在供應鏈上游，在有效期限制下有季節型態需求之損耗商品，其存貨模式過去文獻很少提及。而在供應鏈下游，當新產品上市後原產品之售價下降之現象亦常發生，卻很少學者注意。本研究考慮上述問題，並建議供應商合作模式以達到雙贏的目標；本文也提供經濟運輸成本的觀念與產品保固成本的評估，希望對於產品運輸的處理與售後服務的成本有所貢獻。
全文主要內容如下：第一章介紹研究背景、動機、範圍及目的；第二章為文獻探討；第三章討論確定性需求之存貨模式，在有效期限制下季節性需求之損耗品，探討最佳訂購補貨策略；第四章為延伸在第三章的條件下討論買賣雙方之整合與回收策略；第五章討論不確定性需求之存貨模式，在買方之需求不確定，賣方之前置時間不確定，且隨新產品上市後原產品售價下降之環境下，探討最佳訂購策略；第六章探討在買方需求不確定，賣方之前置時間不確定之環境下，兩個（或多個）供應商之整合方式；第七章討論產品運輸成本及保固成本的議題。本章發展一”經濟運輸成本”的數學模式，藉此模式可研發一軟體，以快速處理現代供應鏈中產品運送路線及交通工具，以達到最少運輸成本之目標。另外，以金錢的時間價值精確評估產品的延伸型保固成本；第八章為結論及未來研究之方向。本文並提供實例說明及敏感度分析以說明其數學理論。

Due to the advanced technology, high tech industries must invest in new product development to sustain market demand and development. Cost management and control have always been important issues for enterprise especially in controlling inventory holding, shipment and warranty costs. This study develops an inventory cost model and explores the effect of three variables on the cost of high tech products. The three variable costs are (1) inventory holding cost, (2) shipment cost, and (3) warranty cost. Ability to measure accurately the cost incurred will allow the right value for the product to be set. The estimation of value from the customer's point of view is central to the determination of market offerings. Inventory models with deterioration, season pattern demand, and expiration date have received very little attention from researchers. Decreasing selling price for a market has received little attention in the past years. This study deals with the above problems and considers supplier involvement in high tech product development. This study also proposes the concept of Economic shipment cost and product warranty to the shipment and marketing strategy.
The content of the thesis are as follows: Chapter 1 is devoted to background motivation, research purpose, scope and thesis organization. Chapter 2 focuses on literature review. In Chapter 3, a deterministic demand inventory model--Optimal lot sizing for deteriorating items with expiration date, is considered. Chapter 4 focuses on supplier-retailer coordination. Two policies -- Coordination policy and Return policy are presented for comparison. Chapter 5 considers a stochastic demand inventory model. This chapter develops a model with decreasing selling price and salvage value for a market with new products introduction. Chapter 6 proposes a horizontal suppliers coordination with uncertain suppliers deliveries and uncertain customer demand by sharing the information of their production, inventory and delivery status with each other. Chapter 7 discusses the issue on logistics and service including the shipment cost and warranty cost. Conclusion and further research are given in Chapter 8. In this study, mathematical models are developed; numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the model.

目錄
頁數
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝
iii
中文目錄
iv
英文目錄
vii
表目錄
x
圖目錄
xi

第壹章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景與動機 1
1.2研究目的 1
1.3研究範圍 2
1.4本文組織 2

第貳章 文獻探討 3
2.1高科技產品的回顧 3
2.2成本優化 3
2.3存貨持有成本 3
2.3.1確定性需求－損耗、有效期、季節型態需求、回收策略 4
2.3.2不確定性需求－整合、變動成本 5
2.4運輸成本 9
2.5保固成本 12
2.6小結 14

第參章 確定性需求－有效期限制的損耗品之存貨訂購策略 16
3.1前言 16
3.2數學模式與分析 16
3.2.1不考慮折扣 18
3.2.2考慮折扣 22
iv
3.3敏感度分析 24
3.4小結 25

第肆章 確定性需求－有效期限制的損耗品之整合與回收策略 26
4.1前言 26
4.2數學模式與分析 26
4.2.1整合策略 31
4.2.2回收策略 33
4.3小結 35

第伍章 不確定性需求－售價變動之存貨訂購策略 36
5.1前言 36
5.2數學模式與分析 36
5.2.1未整合 37
5.2.2整合 39
5.3數值研究與敏感度分析 40
5.4補償機制 45
5.5小結 45

第陸章 不確定性需求－供應商之水平整合 47
6.1前言 47
6.2數學模式與分析 47
6.3數值研究與敏感度分析 53
6.4小結 62

第柒章 物流與服務之議題－運輸成本與保固成本 63
7.1經濟運輸成本的介紹 63
7.2數學性質 63
7.3經濟運輸成本的數值研究 65
7.4延伸型保固成本的介紹 68
7.5數學模式與分析 69
v
7.6延伸型保固成本的數值研究 71
7.7小結 72
第捌章 結論與未來研究方向 74
8.1結論 74
8.2未來研究方向 75
附錄 76
參考文獻 86
作者簡述


vi
CONTENTS
page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research background and motivation 1
1.2 Research purpose 1
1.3 Research scope 2
1.4 Thesis organization 2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Overview of high tech products 3
2.2 Cost optimization 3
2.3 Inventory holding cost 3
2.3.1 Deterministic demand -- deteriorating, expiration, seasonal pattern demand, return policy
4
2.3.2 Stochastic demand – vertical coordination, horizontal suppliers coordination, variable cost
5
2.4 Shipment cost 9
2.5 Warranty cost 12
2.6 Concluding remark 14

CHAPTER 3 DETERMINISTIC DEMAND—OPTIMAL
ORDERING DECISIONS FOR DETERIORATING ITEMS WITH EXPIRATION DATE 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Mathematical modeling and analysis 16
3.2.1 Case without discount 18
3.2.2 Case with discount 22
3.3 Sensitivity analysis 24
3.4 Concluding remark 25

CHAPTER 4 DETERMINISTIC DEMAND-- COORDINATION
AND RETURN POLICY FOR DETERIORATING
ITEMS WITH EXPIRATION DATE 26
4.1 Introduction 26
4.2 Mathematical modeling and analysis 26
4.2.1 Coordination policy 31
vii
4.2.2 Return policy 33
4.3 Concluding remark 35

CHAPTER 5 STOCHASTIC DEMAND-- OPTIMAL ORDERING DECISIONS ON VARIABLE SELLING PRICE 36
5.1 Introduction 36
5.2 Mathematical modeling and analysis 36
5.2.1 Without coordination 37
5.2.2 With coordination 39
5.3 Numerical study and sensitivity analysis 40
5.4 Compensation mechanism 45
5.5 Concluding remark 45

CHAPTER 6 STOCHASTIC DEMAND -- HORIZONTAL
SUPPLIERS COORDINATION 47
6.1 Introduction 47
6.2 Mathematical modeling and analysis 47
6.3 Numerical study and sensitivity analysis 53
6.4 Concluding remark 62

CHAPTER 7 ISSUE ON LOGISTICS AND SERVICE
--SHIPMENT COST AND WARRANTY COST 63
7.1 Introduction for Economics Shipment Cost 63
7.2 Mathematical properties 63
7.3 Numerical study for Economics Shipment Cost 65
7.4 Introduction for extended warranty cost 68
7.5 Mathematical modeling and analysis 69
7.6 Numerical study for extended warranty cost 71
7.7 Concluding remark 72

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH 74
8.1 Conclusions 74
8.2 Further research 75




viii
APPENDIX 76
APPENDIX 3-A: Proof of Theorem 3-1 76
APPENDIX 3-B: Proof of Theorem 3-2 77
APPENDIX 4-A: Proof of Theorem 4-1 78
APPENDIX 4-B: Proof of Theorem 4-2 79
APPENDIX 4-C: Proof of Theorem 4-3 79
APPENDIX 5-A: Proof of Theorem 5-1 80
APPENDIX 5-B: Proof of Theorem 5-2 80
APPENDIX 5-C: Proof of Theorem 5-3 81
APPENDIX 6-A: Detail of EJi = Ebi+EJsi 82
APPENDIX 6-B: Proof of Theorem 6-1 83
APPENDIX 6-C: Proof of Lemma 6-1 84
APPENDIX 6-D: Proof of Lemma 6-2 84
APPENDIX 6-E: Proof of Lemma 6-3 84
APPENDIX 6-F: Proof of Theorem 6-2 85

BIBLIOGRAPHY 86


ix
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
Table 2-1 Summary of the related literature to deteriorating inventory 5
Table 2-2 Summary of the integrated model 8
Table 2-3 Summary of the transportation cost 10
Table 2-4 Summary of the warranty cost 13
Table 3-1 Results without discount 21
Table 3-2 Results with discount 24
Table 3-3 Sensitivity analysis for parameter δ 25
Table 3-4 Sensitivity analysis for parameter β 25
Table 4-1 Solution search procedure without coordination 33
Table 4-2 Solution search procedure with coordination 33
Table 4-3 Solution search procedure for return policy 34
Table 5-1 Parameter values for Chapter 5 41
Table 5-2 Detailed values of the first three items of list 3 of Figure 5-1 44
Table 5-3 Sensitivity analysis for negotiation factor 45
Table 6-1 Parameter values for Chapter 6 54
Table 6-2 The comparison of profit with coordination for two suppliers vs. three suppliers
57
Table 7-1 Various unit transportation cost 67
Table 7-2 The expected warranty cost for β=1 72
Table 7-3 The expected warranty cost for β=2 72

x
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
Figure 3-1 Inventory system for deteriorating items. 18
Figure 3-2 Inventory behavior of with and without discount. 24
Figure 4-1 Inventory system for deteriorating items. 28
Figure 5-1 The effect of α for costs in stage 2 on the increase in system profits with coordination.
43
Figure 5-2 The effect of p2 at the market per unit in stage 2 on the increase in system profits with coordination.
43
Figure 5-3 The effect of β of the customer’s demand in stage 1 on the increase in system profits with coordination.
44
Figure 6-1 The framework of horizontal coordination of two supply chains. 47
Figure 6-2 Graph with PDF of Yi, Yi i ,i,d~U(-1,1). 53
Figure 6-3 Graph with PDF of Zi = (Y1+Y2)/2. 53
Figure 6-4 Graph with PDF of Z = (Y1+Y2+Y3)/3. 53
Figure 6-5 The effect of salvage value s on the profit increase due to coordination.
55
Figure 6-6 The effect of goodwill cost r on the profit increase due to coordination.
56
Figure 6-7 The effect of production cost t on the profit increase due to coordination.
57
Figure 6-8 The effect of αi on the total profit increase due to coordination. 59
Figure 6-9 The effect of the upper bound on demand bi on the total profit increase due to coordination.
60
Figure 6-10 The effect of unit revenue to buyer pi on the total profit increase due to coordination.
60
Figure 6-11 The effect of unit salvage value si on the total profit increase due to coordination.
61
Figure 6-12 The effect of unit shortage cost ri on the total profit increase due to coordination.
61
Figure 7-1 Geographic map. 66
Figure 7-2 ESC map, L=6 days. 66
Figure 7-3 ESC map, L=40 hours. 66
Figure 6-A1 Shape of F(y). 84

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