臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

內化行為問題不僅提高未來罹患憂鬱與焦慮疾患的風險，也可能損及諸多適應功能，及早辨別相關的風險與保護因子對預防及介入有其重要性。負向情緒性與自我調節可能分別是較大年紀兒童內化行為問題的風險與保護因子，且自我調節亦可能降低負向情緒性對內化行為問題的影響。不過在學齡前期，負向情緒性與自我調節對內化行為問題的角色仍有待釐清。本研究目的為探討幼兒的負向情緒性，以及自我調節能力的主動控制與執行功能，對內化行為問題的直接與交互作用效果。共招募50對大台北地區之2到3歲半的一般發展幼兒及其家長為對象，研究流程包含兩部分，第一部分包括執行個別化的「結構性作業」以評估幼兒的執行功能，並以「貝萊嬰幼兒發展量表第三版」(Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-third edition)之認知分量表測量認知發展水準。第二部分則為主要照顧者填寫「兒童早期行為問卷」(Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire)與「兒童行為檢核表」之一歲半到五歲版(Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5)等問卷，分別評量負向情緒性與主動控制及內化行為問題。研究發現，高負向情緒性與低主動控制，皆會提高幼兒內化行為問題的風險，且高主動控制能降低高負向情緒性對內化行為問題的影響。執行功能未能直接影響內化行為問題，亦未能調節負向情緒性對內化行為問題的影響。進一步的分析發現感官不適度是唯一能直接預測內化行為問題的特定負向情緒；主動控制中的注意力專注、注意力轉移及抑制控制，無法直接預測內化行為問題，抑制控制則能降低害怕與羞怯對內化行為問題的預測效果。整體來說，早在學齡前時期，負向情緒性就可能扮演內化行為問題的風險因子，主動控制則能透過調節的方式，降低高負向情緒性的幼兒出現內化行為問題的風險。瞭解幼兒的負向情緒性與注意力、行為等方面的調節能力，能有助於及早區辨內化行為問題之高風險者，自我調節力的提升，亦應有助於幼兒內化行為問題的預防。

Internalizing behavior problems increase not only the risk of developing depressive or anxiety disorders, but also reduce one’s adaptive functioning. Early identification of related risk or protective factors is very important for prevention and intervention. Negative affectivity and self-regulation may, respectively, be important risk and protective factors of internalizing behavior problems in older children, while self-regulation could reduce the effect of negative affectivity on internalizing behavior problems. However, the role of negative affectivity and self-regulation in the etiology of internalizing behavior problems during the preschool period still requires further clarification. The major purpose of the present study was to examine the predictive and interaction effects of negative affectivity and two self-regulation constructs, effortful control and executive function, on internalizing behavior problems. A community sample of fifty typically-developed preschoolers between the ages of two and three-and-a-half and their primary caregivers from Greater Taipei, Taiwan was recruited. The procedure was completed in two parts. The first was an individual standardized task operation to test the executive function by four specific tasks and global cognition by the cognitive scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Third Edition). In the second part, the primary caregivers completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 in order to test negative affectivity, effortful control, and internalizing behavior problems. Results of the study indicate that high levels of negative affectivity and low levels of effortful control are both associated with increased risk for internalizing behavior problems, and high levels of effortful control may decrease the effect of negative affectivity on internalizing behavior problems. Executive function can neither directly predict internalizing behavior problems nor moderate the effect of negative affectivity on internalizing behavior problems. Analyses on the fine-grained level indicate that discomfort is the only subscale of negative affectivity that can predict internalizing behavior problems; Individually, not attentional focusing, attentional shifting nor inhibitory control can directly predict internalizing behavior problems, but inhibitory control can moderate the impact of fear and shyness on internalizing behavior problems. Overall, early in the preschool period, negative affectivity is a potential risk factor of internalizing behavior problems; effortful control is a potential moderator, which decreases the risk of those with high level of negative affectivity to develop internalizing behavior problems. Gaining more understanding of toddler’s negative affectivity and their self-regulation skills (the ability to regulate attention and behaviors) may be helpful for early identification of individuals with high-risk internalizing behavior problems. The enhancement of self-regulation may also help to prevent the development of internalizing behavior problems.

致謝………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
摘要..................................Ⅱ
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
目錄..................................Ⅴ
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………….Ⅶ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………….Ⅷ
第一章 緒論...............................1
第二章 文獻回顧............................4
第一節 幼兒內化行為問題.....................4
壹、內化行為問題的由來與特性.............4
貳、內化行為問題的內涵與界定.............5
參、內化行為問題的盛行率與重要性..........8
第二節 幼兒氣質中之負向情緒性與內化行為問題之間的關聯...........10
壹、負向情緒性的內涵與發展................................10
貳、負向情緒性與內化行為問題之間的關聯.......................12
第三節 幼兒主動控制、執行功能與內化行為問題關聯性之探討..............14
壹、主動控制與內化行為問題之關聯................................15
一、主動控制的定義、內涵與發展....................................15
二、主動控制、負向情緒性與內化行為問題之間的關聯...............17
貳、執行功能與內化行為問題之關聯.................................20
一、執行功能的定義、內涵與發展....................................20
二、執行功能、負向情緒性與內化行為問題之間的關聯...............25
參、主動控制與執行功能之間的關聯...............................27
第四節 研究目的與假設..........................................29
第三章 研究方法...............................................34
第一節 研究對象...............................................34
第二節 研究工具................................................36
第三節 研究程序................................................43
第四章 研究結果…………………………………………………………………51
第一節 初始分析……………………………………………………………51
第二節 主要假設之驗證分析………………………………………………60
第五章 綜合討論…………………………………………………………………81
第一節 討論…………………………………………………………………82
第二節 研究限制與未來建議………………………………………………99
第三節 總結與應用………………………………………………………..101
參考文獻........................................103
附錄..............................................119
附錄一：招募廣告....................................119
附錄二-1：基本資料表...............................120
附錄二-2：基本資料表..................................121
附錄二-3：基本資料表.................................122
附錄二-4：基本資料表..................................123
附錄三：容器旋轉作業之圓形轉盤...........................124
附錄四-1：貨車圖卡選擇作業之黃底貨車圖卡..................125
附錄四-2：貨車圖卡選擇作業之藍底貨車圖卡....................126
附錄五：形狀指認作業之水果圖卡............................127

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