臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

加勁面層工法使用砂土混合膠合劑、植物種子以及地工纖維材料，噴灑於邊坡表面形成面層；亦可配合於坡面打設土釘，增加內部穩定功效。傳統的護坡工法大多使用混凝土施築擋土構造，然混凝土表面光滑且無法配合植生，對現地景觀及環境產生極大的影響，且因材料較為剛性，容易受氣候變化或局部變形的影響而開裂。加勁面層工法則改善了傳統護坡工法的缺點，藉由添加地工纖維來增加面層材料之延展性，提高其抵抗變形的能力，並且可於面層材料中加入植物種子以進行植生綠化，降低工程對環境的衝擊。 然而，由於面層加勁工法相關之研究資料有限，故有部份力學性質尚待釐清，因此有必要進行更多的研究探討。本研究之主要目的便在探討加勁面層工法於邊坡頂部受荷重時之牆體變形性、背填土沉陷量及擋土結構的破壞形式等，以期能對破壞機制有更進一步的瞭解。本研究主要係利用一自行研發之模型砂箱，對純砂邊坡進行一系列的相關試驗，並且透過模型相似性分析，於試驗室內製作出模擬現地實際尺寸之纖維加勁面層護坡結構模型，並透過邊坡坡頂加載之方式，使面層擋土結構產生破壞，同時記錄面層於各加載階段所產生的變位。 研究項目主要改變加勁面層厚度、邊坡坡角、纖維含量及面層之結構型式等，以探討各因子對加勁面層穩定性的影響。試驗結果發現當面層厚度增加時，可有效減少其水帄位移量及坡頂沉陷量；在相同荷重作用下，面層水帄位移量及沉陷量隨著坡角的變陡而增加；而且，纖維可有效提高面層之穩定性，降低牆面變形；另外，採用上窄下寬之重力式擋土牆型式與採用均勻厚度之面層具有相當的穩定效果，但卻較為經濟。

Fiber-reinforced facing system is a method for protecting slopes. It is made of a mixture of sands, adhesives, seeds and fiber, which is ejected onto the slope face to form a reinforced-facing. It may also uses soil-nails to increase the stability of slopes. From aesthetic and ecological points of view, the use of fiber-reinforced facing as a protection material for slopes not only increase the ductility of material to improve its ability of resisting deformation, but also improve the ecology of the environment. In order to understand the mechanism of failure of this system, this study investigates the structure deformation, backfill settlement, and failure mode of the reinforced-facing system using laboratory experiments. A sand box was adapted to carry out a series of model tests on slopes formed by sandy soil. The model similarity was considered to set up the models of reinforced-facing system for simulating the actual condition on site. Surcharge was applied on the top of the slope and the deformation of slopes was recorded till the system was failed. The thickness of facing, slope angle, fiber content, and the facing type of were probed in this study. The results of model tests show that the horizontal displacement of the facing and the backfill settlement decreased with the increase of facing thickness, however, they increased with the the slope angle. In addition, the facing which contains fibers decreased the deformation. Moreover, the gravity-type facing, 2cm thick at top and 4cm thick at bottom, had similar effect in resisting deformation of slope as the 4-cm thick facing. However, the gravitiy type needs less material than the equal-width facing type.

致謝 1
摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章　緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2 研究動機 1
1.3 研究方法 1
1.4 研究內容 2
第二章　文獻回顧 3
2.1 纖維加勁土壤發展歷史與應用 3
2.1.1 連續纖維 3
2.1.2 離散纖維 4
2.2纖維加勁土壤強度之相關研究 4
2.2.1 直剪試驗 5
2.2.2 三軸壓縮試驗 6
2.3土釘工法發展歷史與應用 6
2.4土釘擋土牆之特性 7
2.4.1土釘擋土工法與其他工法之比較 7
2.4.2土釘工法的特性 8
2.5 土釘擋土牆的力學機制 9
2.5.1 土釘摩擦阻抗 9
2.6 土釘力學行為之影響因素 10
2.6.1 土釘撓曲勁度 10
2.6.2 牆面厚度 10
2.6.3 牆面傾角 11
2.7 土釘擋土牆試驗 11
第三章　模型試驗之設計與製作 29
3.1 模型試驗介紹 29
3.1.1 模型試驗主要設備 29
3.1.2 染色砂之製作及性質 30
3.1.3 模型土釘材料之選擇 31
3.1.4 土釘表面粗糙度製作 33
3.1.5 土釘前方承土鈑製作 34
3.2 加勁面層製作 34
3.3 傾斜擋板 34
3.4 試驗步驟 35
第四章 模型試驗結果分析 44
4.1 砂土基本物理性質試驗 44
4.2 直剪試驗 45
4.3 牆面水平位移量與加壓荷重之變化關係 45
4.4 重複性試驗 46
4.5 纖維對面層加勁系統穩定性之影響 47
4.6 面層厚度之影響 47
4.7 邊坡坡角之影響 48
4.8 面層結構型式 50
第五章　結論與建議 79
5.1 結論 79
5.2 建議 80
參考文獻 81
符號說明 85

1. 邱佑銘（2005），「蜂巢格網擋土結構模型試驗」，碩士論文，國立台灣大學土木工程學系，133頁。
2. 吳泰慶 (2008)，「連續纖維加勁砂土抗剪行為」，碩士論文，國立台灣大學土木工程學系，99頁。
3. 何嘉浚 (1996)，「土釘擋土結構設計方法之探討」，碩士論文，國立台灣大學土木工程學系，166頁。
4. 洪勇善（1999），「土釘擋土結構之力學行為」，博士論文，國立台灣大學土木工程學系，402頁。
5. 陳宏杰 (2000)，「土釘擋土牆力學行為之探討」，碩士論文，國立台灣大學土木工程學系，166頁。
6. 陳怡儂（2007），「利用模型試驗探討顆粒性土壤邊坡滑動之行為」，碩士論文，國立台灣大學土木工程學系，102頁。
7. 陳榮河，何嘉浚(2003)，「土釘擋土工法導論」，地工技術，第98期，第5-16頁。
8. ASTM D 422. Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
9. ASTM D 792-00. Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
10. ASTM D 854-06. Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
11. ASTM D 2216-05. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
12. ASTM D 3080-04. Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils under Consolidated Drained Conditions. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
13. ASTM D 4253-00. Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
14. ASTM D 4254-00e1. Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
15. Consoli, N. C., Casagrande, M. D. T., Prietto, P. D. M. and Thome A. (2003). “Plate Load Test on Fiber-Reinforced Soil.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 10, pp. 951-955.
16. Jewell, R. A. and Pedley, M. J. (1992),” Analysis for Soil Reinforcement with Bending Stiffness”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 10, pp. 1505-1528.
17. Kim, D. S., Juran, I., Nasimov, R., and Drabkin, S. (1995), “Model Study on the Failure Mechanism of Soil-Nailed Structure under Surcharge Loading,” Journal of Geotechnical Testing, GTJODJ, Vol. 18, No.4, pp. 421-430.
18. Krystyna Kazimierowicz-Frankowska, (2005), “A Case Study of a Geosynthetic Reinforced Wall with Wrap-around Facing,” Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol.23, pp. 107–115
19. Michalowski, R. L., and Cermak, J. (2003). “Triaxial Compression of Sand
Reinforced with Fibers,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 125-136.
20. Won M. S. and Kim Y. S.(2007). “Internal Deformation Behavior of Geosynthetic-reinforced Soil Walls,” Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol.25, pp.10–22.
21. Nagagoshi, N., Yamada, N., Horie, N. & Tanaka, J. (2006). Road Construction Considering Environmental Protection. 2006 International Ecological Engineering Conference Essays, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 97-124.
22. Ortigao, J. A. R., Palmeira, E. M. and Zirlis, A. C. (1995),” Experience with Soil Nailing in Brazil: 1970-1994”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineerings Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 113, pp. 93-106.
23. Park, T. and Tan, S. A. (2005). “Enhanced Performance of Reinforced Soil Walls by the Inclusion of Short Fiber.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 348–361.
24. Raju, D. M., Lo, S. C. R., Gopalan, M., Gao, J. (2000), “On Large Scale Laboratory Pullout Testing,” Geotechnical Engineering Journal, Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Vol. 29, pp.123-155.
25. Raju, G. V. R., Wong, I. H., Low, B.K. and Pang, P. Y. (1997),” Field Performance of Nailed Soil Wall in Residual Soil”, Journal of Performance of Constructer Facilities, ASCE, Vol. 11, No. 3. pp.105-112.
26. Salama, M. E., (1992),” Analysis of Soil Nailed Retaining Walls”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, USA.
27. Schlosser, F. and Buhan, P. (1990),”Theory and Design of Soil Nailing”, International Symposium on Recent Development in Ground Improvement Techniques, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 399-413.
28. Shen, C. K., Herrman, L. R., Romstad, K. M., Bang, S., Kim, Y. S. and Denatale, J. S. (1981), “In Situ Earth Reinforcement Lateral Support System”, Report No 81-03, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA.
29. Shewbridge, S. E. and Sitar, N. (1990),” Deformation-Based Model for Reinforced Sand,” ,Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 7, pp. 1153-1170.
30. Yetimoglu, T. & Salbas, O. (2003). “A Study on Shear Strength of Sands Reinforced with Randomly Distributed Discrete Fibers,” Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 103–110.