臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
本研究旨在討論中英文否定詞的如何使用。在語言學習的過程中，以中文為外語學習的外國人而言，中文否定詞的選用是相當困難的。如何教導這些學習者辨別中文否定詞的特徵成為首要課題。中文的否定句，必須以否定對象、語意特徵、句法功能作為基本考量，再根據搭配詞選擇適合的否定詞。此外，中文的否定句中也包含了雙重或多重否定。這些特色都與英文的否定句型相差甚大。在英文中，有些單字的涵義就有否定的意思，這些否定字也有強弱之分。而否定副詞not，在英文中與其動詞的搭配也顯現出句子本身的時態及表達目標。根據英文的動詞、形容詞分類及特色，挑選出最適合的中文否定詞。在現代英文中，雙重及多重否定較少出現，雙重否定句也不等同於肯定句。否定疑問句的回答方式在中英文中也有很大的差異。這些中英文的差別都造成語言學習者的障礙及挫折。本研究將否定詞的基本功能、特徵及搭配詞的分類做歸納整理，並透過日常生活常見的否定句以中英翻譯對比之方式逐一分析，藉此讓更多外國人士在學習中文否定句過程中降低學習障礙。

關鍵字: 否定詞、語意特徵、搭配詞、句法功能、雙重否定

Abstract
The aim of this study will try to discover the differences between Chinese Negation and English Negation. It is difficult for Non Native Chinese Speakers (NNCS) to understand how to use Chinese negations. The differences between Chinese and English negation cause the learners feel difficult and distressed. The subject of this paper is to teach the learners to distinguish the different features of those Chinese negations. When they choose one of the Chinese negations, they must consider the semantic features, syntactic functions, the part to be negated, and the collocation in sentences. There are some double-negations or multi-negations in Chinese that are totally different from those in modern English. In English, part of vocabulary contains negative meaning. This can be divided into the strong part and weak part. On the other hand, the negative adverb not shows the tense and the negative item by the collocations with other words. Learners should choose the suitable Chinese negation according to the categories and features of English verbs and adjectives. More than one negation in one sentence is rarely seen in English. Moreover, the double negation won’t express the positive meaning because language is unlike the Logic. The answer of negative questions is different between Chinese and English. These differences between Chinese and English cause the learners confused. In this paper, we will try to analyze the sentences of Chinese negation and English negation to help the NNCS to learn the features of Chinese negations to reduce the distress for the NNCS.

Key words: negation, syntactic function, collocation, negative concord

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE...........................................1
1.2 MOTIVATION.....................................................3
1.3 ORGANIZATION...................................................6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................7
2.1 HOU (2003).....................................................7
2.2 LIESELOTTE ANDERWALD (2005)...................................10
2.3 TON VAN DER WOUDEN (1994).....................................12
2.4 ZENO VENDLER (1957)...........................................14
2.5 ANOUSCHKA, KATHLEEN, AND SHARON (2007)........................17
2.6 LIU, PAN, AND GU (2007).......................................19
2.7 YU (2007).....................................................20
2.8 SUMMARY.......................................................23
CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION...............................................28
3.1 ENGLISH NEGATION..............................................28
3.2 CHINESE NEGATION..............................................29
3.2.1 Categories of Chinese negation.............................29
3.2.2 Different features of Chinese negation.....................30
3.3 TENSE.........................................................33
3.4 DISTRIBUTION OF TWO CHINESE NEGATIONS.........................35
3.5 CONTRADICTORY BETWEEN CHINESE NEGATIONS AND ENGLISH NEGATION..39
CHAPTER 4 COLLOCATION..............................................42
4.1 VERBS.........................................................42
4.1.1 Activity...................................................44
4.1.2 Accomplishment.............................................46
4.1.3 Achievement................................................48
4.1.4 State......................................................51
4.2 ANTONYMS......................................................54
4.2.1 Complementary Pairs........................................54
4.2.2 Gradable...................................................57
4.2.3 Reverses...................................................60
4.2.4 Converses..................................................62
4.3 SUMMARY.......................................................64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION...............................................66
5.1 FINDINGS......................................................66
5.2 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND CHINESE...................66
5.3 FURTHER STUDY.................................................68
REFERENCES.........................................................69

List of Tables and Figures
TABLE 1 TYPES OF VERBS.............................................15
TABLE 2 FEATURES OF ANTONYMS.......................................18
TABLE 3 CHINESE NEGATION CATEGORY..................................29
TABLE 4 SEMANTIC DIFFERENT QUANTITY FEATURE. SHI (1992).......30
TABLE 5 COLLOCATION OF THE NEGATIONS...............................31
TABLE 6 TENSE OF THE NEGATIVE SENTENCES............................33
TABLE 7 TENSE OF VERBS.............................................43
TABLE 8 TENSE OF ACTIVITY..........................................44
TABLE 9 TENSE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT....................................46
TABLE 10 TENSE OF ACHIEVEMENT......................................48
TABLE 11 TENSE OF STATE............................................51
TABLE 12 DISTRIBUTION OF CHINESE NEGATION..........................53
TABLE 13 USAGE OF COMPLEMENTARY....................................57
TABLE 14 USAGE OF GRADABLE.........................................59
TABLE 15 USAGE OF REVERSES.........................................62
TABLE 16 DISTRIBUTION OF ANTONYMS..................................63
TABLE 4 SEMANTIC DIFFERENT QUANTITY FEATURE. SHI (1992).......65
TABLE 17 THE CATEGORIES OF CHINESE.................................67
TABLE 18 THE CATEGORY OF ENGLISH...................................67

References

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