臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文探討壓電陶瓷之機電轉換行為，且以壓電蜂鳴片研製出壓電發電器、壓電離合器及壓電變壓器，並對研製裝置作相關的性能測試。首先，測試壓電陶瓷上應力的改變對感應電壓的影響，並探討壓電材料於正壓電效應下，束縛電荷與自由電荷之行為。接著，量測壓電陶瓷於共振頻率範圍下的阻抗變動情形，以及分析共振頻率下壓電陶瓷的等效電路特性。其次，以壓電蜂鳴片作為能量轉換元件，並設計出機械能轉電能之系統，測試在低頻週期性機械力衝擊下壓電蜂鳴片換能效果。再其次，以壓電蜂鳴片作為音場產生元件，並製作出壓電離合器及動力傳送系統，並探討輸入交流電源之條件對壓電離合器性能的影響。最後，利用壓電蜂鳴片製作出單輸出及多輸出的壓電變壓器，且製作方式是採用電極分割方式規劃出輸出及輸入電極。單輸出變壓器方面，透過實驗結果探討電極面積、驅動頻率及電壓增益等的相互關係；多輸出變壓器方面，透過實驗結果探討數種共振頻率下，各輸出電極的電壓增益變動情況，以及電壓增益與輸出電極應變之關係。

This thesis investigates the electromechanical transformation behaviors of piezoelectric ceramics, and develops piezoelectric devices such as piezoelectric generators, piezoelectric clutches and piezoelectric transformers (PTs) using thin disc piezoelectric buzzers. The influence of stress on the induced voltages of piezoelectric ceramics and the behavior of bound and free charges induced by direct piezoelectric effect in piezoelectric buzzers are first investigated. Then, an equivalent circuit model and its input impedance characteristics at/around the resonance frequency for each piezoelectric buzzer are studied. Moreover, a piezoelectric type DC generator is constructed, and based on an energy conversion from mechanical energy to electrical energy for a piezoelectric buzzer with mechanical shocks at low frequencies. Furthermore, a piezoelectric clutch mechanism with piezoelectric buzzers is designed, fabricated and tested. This mechanism is operated by a near-field acoustic levitation which is based on an energy conversion from electrical energy to mechanical energy in each piezoelectric buzzer, and needed a mechanical power transmission system to determine speed characteristics of the clutch mechanism. Finally, PTs with single or multi outputs are fabricated by splitting one of silvering electrodes in a piezoelectric buzzer so as to form a number of output electrodes in a single- or multi-output PT. Effects of electrode dimensions and driving frequencies on voltage gains for each PT are further investigated and discussed.

致謝 Ⅰ
中文摘要 Ⅱ
英文摘要 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
圖目錄 Ⅶ
表目錄 ⅩⅢ
符號表 ⅩⅤ
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 文獻回顧 2
1.3 論文大綱 4
第二章 機電轉換基本原理 5
2.1 壓電材料特性 5
2.2 壓電效應 11
2.3 電位移與應力分析 13
第三章 機電轉換效應實驗 19
3.1 正壓電效應實驗 19
3.1.1 元件結構 19
3.1.2 測試系統 19
3.1.3 實驗結果 20
3.2 逆壓電效應實驗 30
3.2.1 等效電路分析 30
3.2.2 測試系統 31
3.2.3 實驗結果 32
3.3 驅動電路設計與製作 33
第四章 壓電發電器之研究 37
4.1 機構設計 37
4.2 動作原理 38
4.3 測試系統 39
4.4 實驗結果 40
第五章 壓電離合器之研究 60
5.1 機構設計 60
5.2 動作原理 61
5.3 振動模態觀測 63
5.4 測試系統 66
5.5 實驗結果 67
第六章 單輸出壓電變壓器之研究 75
6.1 結構設計 75
6.2 工作原理 75
6.3 等效電路分析 78
6.4 測試系統 81
6.5 實驗結果 82
第七章 多輸出壓電變壓器之研究 110
7.1 結構設計 110
7.2 工作原理 111
7.3 等效電路分析 112
7.4 測試系統 114
7.5 實驗結果 115
第八章 結論與建議 129
8.1 結論 129
8.2 未來研究 130
參考文獻 132

[1] 鄭振東，超音波工程，全華科技圖書公司，臺北市，1999年6月。
[2] 賴耿陽，超音波工學理論實務，復漢出版社，台南市，1998年9月。
[3] 吳朗，電子陶瓷-入門，全欣資訊圖書公司，臺北市，1992年12月。
[4] 吳朗，電子陶瓷-壓電，全欣資訊圖書公司，臺北市：1994年12月。
[5] K.-T. Chang, and M. Ouyang, “Rotary ultrasonic motor driven by a disk-shaped ultrasonic actuator,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, 2006, pp. 831 - 837.
[6] T. Kaneko, T. Ohmi, N. Ohya, N. Kawahara, and T. Hattori, “A new, compact and quick-response dynamic focusing lens,” Proceedings of International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 1, 1997, pp. 63 - 66.
[7] A. Bergander, W. Driesen, T. Varidel, and J. -M. Breguet, “Monolithic piezoelectric push-pull actuators for inertial drives,” Proceedings of International Symposium on Micromechatronics and Human Science, 2003, pp. 309 - 316.
[8] O.-D. Kwon, J.-S. Yoo, Y.-J. Yun, J.-S. Lee, S.-H. Kang, and K.-J. Lim, “A research on the piezoelectric vibration actuator for mobile phone,” Proceedings of International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, Vol. 3, 2005, pp. 676 - 678.
[9] Jr. E. S. Kolesar, and C. S. Dyson, “Object imaging with a piezoelectric robotic tactile sensor,” Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 4, 1995, pp. 87 - 96.
[10] J. Cai, H. Wang, S. Wang, X. Wu, T. Ren, and S. Jia, “A study on packaging of PZT MEMS microphone,” Proceedings of the 55th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, Vol. 2, 2005, pp. 1077 - 1080.
[11] C. Ravariu, F. Ravariu, A. Rusu, D. Dobrescu, L. Dobrescu, C. Popa, and I. Chiran, “A new job for the pseudo-MOS transistor: working in the pressure sensors field,” Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Vol. 1, 2002, pp. 215 - 218.
[12] J. H. Hu, H. L. Li, H. L. W. Chan, and C. L. Choy, “A ring-shaped piezoelectric transformer operating in the third symmetric extensional vibration mode,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 88, 2001, pp. 79 - 86.
[13] H. L. Li, J. H. Hu, and H. L. W. Chain, “Finite element analysis on piezoelectric ring transformer,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Vol. 2, 2002, pp. 1177 - 1180.
[14] J.-S. Lee, Y.-H. Lee, H.-I. Chai, M.-S. Yoon, and K.-J. Lim, “The characteristics of new piezoelectric ballast for fluorescent T8 lamp,” Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 2, 2001, pp. 947 - 951.
[15] B. Koc, S. Alkoy, and K. Uchino, “A circular piezoelectric transformer with crescent shape input electrodes,” Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 2, 1999, pp. 931 - 934.
[16] T. Ikeda, Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity, Oxford University Press, Tokyo, 1990.
[17] 周卓明，壓電力學，全華科技圖書公司，臺北市，2003年11月。
[18] 謝岳成，壓電電荷常數d33之特性量測，國立交通大學電子工程學系暨電子 研究所碩士論文，民國92年。
[19] P. Verardi, F. Craciun, and M. Dinescu, “Characterization of PZT thin film transducers obtained by pulsed laser deposition,” Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 1, 1997, pp. 569 - 572.
[20] X. Baomin, S. Buhler, D. White, J. Zesch, and W. Wong, “Fabrication of piezoelectric thick films for high frequency transducers,” Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 2, 2003, pp. 1999 - 2002.
[21] T. Tsuchiya, Y. Kagawa, N. Wakatsuki, and H. Okamura, “Finite element simulation of piezoelectric transformers,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Vol. 48, 2001, pp. 872 - 878.
[22] H. Fukunaga, H. Kakehashi, H. Ogasawara, and Y. Ohta, “Effect of dimension on characteristics of Rosen-type piezoelectric transformer,” Proceedings of the 29th Annual IEEE Specialists Conference on Power Electronics, Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 1504 - 1510.
[23] K.-T. Chang, “Effects of load resistances on step-up voltage gains of Rosen-type piezoelectric transformer,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2005, pp. 1080 - 1085.
[24] W. Zhiming, Y. Xinghong, and J. Y. X. Guangzhong, “The analysis of multilayer piezoelectric transformer,” Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Electrets, 2005, pp. 165 - 167.
[25] 王瑞華，電子變壓器設計手冊，科學出版社，北京，1993年8月。
[26] S. Choi, T. Kim, S. Lee, and B. H. Cho, “Modeling and characterization of radial-mode disk-type piezoelectric transformer for AC/DC adapter,” Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2005, pp. 624 - 629.
[27] T. Otsuka, K. Higuchi, and K. Seya, “Consideration of sample dimension for ultrasonic levitation,” Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 3, 1990, pp. 1271 - 1274.
[28] S. Ueha, “Recent development of ultrasonic actuators,” Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 1, 2001, pp. 513 - 520.
[29] T. Koyama, K. Takemura, and T. Maeno, “Development of an ultrasonic clutch,” Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vol. 1, 2003, pp. 597 - 600.
[30] T. Koyama, K. Takemura, and T. Maeno, “Development of an ultrasonic clutch for multi-fingered exoskeleton haptic device using passive force feedback for dexterous teleoperation,” Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vol. 3, 2003, pp. 2229 - 2234.
[31] K.-T. Chang, “Ultrasonic clutch using piezoelectric vibrators,” Proceedings of the 30th Annual IEEE Conference of Industrial Electronics Society, Vol. 2, 2004, pp. 1721 - 1726.
[32] K.-T. Chang, “A novel ultrasonic clutch using near-field acoustic levitation,” Ultrasonics, Vol. 43, 2004, pp. 49 - 55.
[33] 呂國聖，壓電陶瓷元件之電性分析與應用研究，國立聯合大學電機工程學系碩士論文，民國95年。
[34] 蕭志民，壓電變壓器穩態與暫態響應分析，國立聯合大學電機工程學系碩士論文，民國95年。
[35] K.-T. Chang, “Transient response analysis of a Rosen-type piezoelectric transformer and its applications,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Vol. 52, 2005, pp. 1534 - 1545.
[36] K.-T. Chang, “Open-circuit test of a piezoelectric transformer and its application,” Proceedings of the 30th Annual IEEE Conference of Industrial Electronics Society, Vol. 3, 2004, pp. 2424 - 2429.
[37] K.-T. Chang, “Electrical characteristics of a piezoelectric vibrator in open-circuit transient state,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 43, 2004, pp. 7604 - 7612.
[38] G. W. Taylor, J. R. Burns, S. A. Kammann, W. B. Powers, and T. R. Welsh, “The energy harvesting eel: a small subsurface ocean/river power generator,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 26, 2001, pp. 539 - 547.
[39] A. Lal, R. Duggirala, and H. Li, “Pervasive power: a radioisotope-powered piezoelectric generator,” IEEE Pervasive Computing, Vol. 4, 2005, pp. 53 - 61.