臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要探討後設情緒、用心能力以及自我強度三者的關係，以了解各個變項是否具有相關性，並檢驗自我強度在後設情緒與用心能力是否具有調節效果。過去研究顯示，情緒常伴隨壓力一同出現對生活與健康造成影響，而個人的內在能力將成為制衡壓力、處理情緒與解決問題的關鍵。近期研究發現，用心能力對個人的認知、情緒與生心理健康具有影響；然而，卻鮮少有研究探討情緒如何對用心能力形成影響，也少有人將後設情緒、用心能力以及自我強度等三項內在能力，放諸同一架構中探討變項之間的關聯性。因此，本研究目的在於：一、瞭解正向的後設情緒與用心能力之相關情形；二、瞭解負向的後設情緒與用心能力之相關情形；三、了解自我強度在正向的後設情緒與用心能力之調節情形；四、了解自我強度在負向的後設情緒與用心能力之調節情形。本研究採取問卷調查法，以「後設情緒量表」、「Langer社會認知用心量表」與「自我強度量表」作為研究工具，對一般個體進行取樣，共計回收286份有效問卷。所得資料進行描述性統計、皮爾森積差相關、迴歸分析以及迴歸之交互作用，對主要變項和研究假設進行考驗。本研究結果發現如下：一、後設情緒與用心能力之相關方面，同情關愛的後設情緒以及興趣的後設情緒與用心能力具有正向的相關；憤怒的後設情緒、輕蔑/虛假的後設情緒、抑制的後設情緒，皆與用心能力具有負向的相關；控制的後設情緒與用心能力未具有相關。二、自我強度對後設情緒與用心能力之調節效果，同情關愛的後設情緒、憤怒的後設情緒和抑制的後設情緒與用心能力，分別具有強化、強化和弱化的調節效果。綜合以上研究結果發現，自我強度高者不但能夠增進正向情緒對個人之助益，更能抵抗負面情緒對個人之影響，而這在調節壓力與情緒結果的促進上，可致力於用心能力與自我強度之培養與深化。

The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship among meta-emotion, mindfulness and sense of self, and to understand the moderating effect of sense of self on the relationship between meta-emotion and mindfulness. The study adopted a method of questionnaire survey. Instruments used in this study were “Meta-Emotion Scale”, “Langer Socio-cognitive Mindfulness Scale” and “Sense of Self Scale”. The general college students were targeted as population. The study used convenience sampling, totally, 286 valid questionnaires were collected. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, regression analysis and interaction regression. The main results were as follows: 1. There were significant positive correlation among compassionate care of meta-emotion, interest of meta-emotion and mindfulness; there were significant negative correlation among anger of meta-emotion, contempt/shame of meta-emotion, suppression of meta-emotion and mindfulness. 2. The moderating effect of sense of self on the relationship between meta-emotion and mindfulness that compassionate care of meta-emotion and anger of meta-emotion were intense the moderating effect; suppression of meta-emotion was weakening the moderating effect. Finally, the results were discussed and suggestions were proposed in many ways to the emotion and stress regulation and researchers for the future’s reference.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 名詞解釋 5
第二章 文獻探討 8
第一節 後設情緒 8
第二節 用心的能力 15
第三節 自我強度 22
第四節 研究問題與假設推導 32
第三章 研究方法 35
第一節 研究架構 35
第二節 研究問題與假設 35
第三節 研究對象與抽樣 36
第四節 研究程序 36
第五節 研究工具 39
第六節 資料處理與分析之步驟 44
第四章 研究結果 46
第一節 研究對象在各量表之表現 46
第二節 主要變項之相關分析 47
第三節 後設情緒與用心能力之迴歸分析 50
第四節 主要變項之迴歸的交互作用 51
第五節 其他研究 57
第五章 結論與建議 58
第一節 研究摘述 58
第二節 研究結果與討論 61
第三節 研究限制 64
第四節 實務建議 65
參考文獻 中文文獻 67
英文文獻 68
附錄 附件一 正式問卷 72
附件二 研究工具使用同意 77

表目錄
表1 自我強度的行為表徵 30
表2 樣本背景次數分配表 38
表3 後設情緒量表、Langer社會認知用心量表、自我強度量表之各分量表Cronbach’s alpha 43
表4 各量表之分量表的平均與標準差 47
表5 後設情緒、用心能力與自我強度之關 49
表6 後設情緒分量表與用心能力之線性迴歸 50
表7 後設情緒分量表、自我強度及用心能力之交互作用分析 54
表8 每日網路使用頻率與自我強度量表各分量表之相關矩陣 57
表9 假設與考驗結果 59

圖目錄
圖1 研究架構圖 35
圖2 憤怒分量表、自我強度與用心能力之單純率 56
圖3 同情關愛分量表、自我強度與用心能力之單純率 56
圖4 抑制分量表、自我強度與用心能力之單純率 57

一、中文部分
王澄華（2000）。人格特質與網路人際互動對網路成癮的影響(為出版之碩士論文)。輔人大學，新北市。
孔繁鐘（譯）（1999）。DSM-IV精神疾病的診斷與統計。台北市：合計圖書出版社。（原作出版年：1997）
吳明隆（2000）。SPSS統計應用實務。松崗。
金瑞芝（2013）。幼兒因應負向情緒方式之研究。兒童與教育研究，8，47-84。
邱皓政（2006）。量化研究法（二）-統計原理與分析技術。雙葉。
陳佩鈺，林杏足（2004）。高危險群青少年復原力之探討。輔導季刊，40（3），32-41。
黃添進（1999）。網路問卷調查可行性評估研究(未出版碩士論文)。台北大學，台北市。
黃應貴（2002）。關於情緒人類學發展的一些見解-兼評台灣當前有關情緒與文化的研究。新史學，13（3），117-149。
葉光輝、鄭欣佩、楊永瑞（2005）。母親的後設情緒理念對國小子女依附傾向的影響。中華心理學刊，47（2），181-195。
楊聰才，蕭淑貞，卓貴美，黃偉俐（2005）。醫學院與不同學院學生壓力感受程度、因應模式、與身心症狀關係的探討。輔仁醫學期刊，3（2），91-103。
賴佳旻（2012）。家庭教育雙月刊，35，64-71
顏乃欣、廖瑞銘、楊建明、黃淑麗、蔡介立。台灣地區華人情緒與相關心理生理資料庫-台灣情緒圖片系統。中華心理學刊，55（4），477-492。
羅文輝，牛隆光（2003）。自尊、第三人效果與對限制媒介支持度的關聯性研究。新文學研究，75，141-167。

二、英文部分

Anglin, L. P., Pirson, M., & Langer, E. J. (2008). Mindful learning: A moderator of Gender differences in mathematics performance. Journal of Adult Development,15(3), 132–139.
doi: 10.1007/s10804-008-9043-x
Bjorklund, P. (2000). Assessing ego strength: Spinning straw into gold. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 36(1), 14-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2000.t b00685.x
Bremner, J. D. (2003). The effects of stress on brain function. Psychiatric Times, 20(7), 18.
Barbieri, J. L. (2008). The URGES Approach: Urge reduction by growing ego strength
(URGES) for trauma/addiction treatment using alternate bilateral stimulation,
hypnotherapy, ego state therapy and energy psychology. Sexual Addiction &
Compulsivity, 15(2), 116–138. doi: 10.1080/10720160802035584
Burpee, L. C., &Langer, E. J. (2005). Mindfulness and marital satisfaction. Journal of Adult
Development, 12(1), 43-51. doi: 10.1007/s10804-005-1281-6
Bartsch, A., Vorderer, P., Mangold, R.,& Viehoff, R. (2008).Appraisal of emotions in
media use: Toward a process model of meta-emotion and emotion regulation. Media
Psychology, 11(1), 7-27. doi: 10.1080/15213260701813447
Cason, S. H., & Langer, E. J. (2006). Mindfulness and self-acceptance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 24, 29-43.
Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, J. T., & Berntson, W. L. (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personaland social psychology Review, 1, 3-25.
Djikic, M., Langer, E. J., & Stapleton, S. F. (2008). Reducing stereotyping through mindfulness: Effects on automatic stereotype-activated behaviors. Journal of Adult Development, 15(2), 106-111. doi:10.1007/s10804-008-9040-0
Dana, R. H., & Teter, J.T. (1964). Extended report of construct validation of the barron ego strength scale. Psychological Reports, 15(2), 525-526..
Delizonna, L. L., Williams, R.P., & Langer, E. J. (2009). The effect of mindfulness on heart rate control. Journal of Adult Development, 16(2), 61-65. doi: 10.1007/s10804-009-90506
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden and build theory of positive emotion. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Flury, J. M., & Ickes, W. (2007). Having a weak versus strong sense of self: The sense of self scale(SOSS). Self and Identity, 6, 281–303.
Gottman, J. M. (1991). Finding the roots of children’s problems with other children. Journal
of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 441-448.
Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Emotions, the great captains of our lives: Their role in the process
of change in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 67(8), 697-707. doi: 10.1037/a0029858
Ganotice, F. A. Jr., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2010). Validating the factors of the English and Filipino versions of the sense of self scale. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 43(1), 81-99.
Gfellner, B. M., & Armstrong, H. D. (2012). Ego development, ego strengths, and ethnic
identity among first nation adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(2), 225–234.
Gallo, L. C., Ghaed, S. G.,& Bracken, W. S. (2004). Emotions and cognitions in coronary heart disease: risk, resilience, and social context. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(5), 669–694.
Gottman, J.M., Katz, L.F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268.
Harmon, M. H. (1980). The Barron ego strength scale: A study of personality correlates among normal. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(2), 433-436.
Ickes, W., Park, A.,& Johnson, A. (2012). Linking identity status to strength of sense of self: Theory and validation. Self and Identity, 11, 531–544
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2001). Mindfulness Meditation for everyday life. Piatkus Books: London
Kachooei, M., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2013). The role of job satisfaction and ego strength in marital satisfaction in military staff in Tehran. Journal of Military Medicine, 15(1), 17- 24.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46(8), 819-834.
Lazarus, R. S., & Author Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer
Lazaridou, A.,& Kalogianni, C. (2013). Mindfulness and sexuality. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 28(1-2), 29-38.
Langer, E. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2000). Mindfulness research and the future. Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 129-139.
McWilliams, N. (1999). Psychoanalytic case formulation. California: The Guilford Press.
Freeman, Mc. D. (2001). The contribution of faith and ego strength to the prediction of GPA among high school students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg.
McGinnis, C. ZA. (2008). Using anger productively: "Amazon" warrior theory. Psychology Journal, 5(2), 73-91.
Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T. N., & Schüßler, G. (2008). “Mindful helpers”: Experiential avoidance, meta-emotions, and emotion regulation in paramedics. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1358–1363.
Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T. N., Höfer, S., and Schüßler, G. (2009). When you don’t like what you feel: Experiential avoidance, mindfulness and meta-emotion in emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4),448–453.
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.013
Mårtensson, L., & Dahlin-Ivanoff, S. (2006). Experiences of a primary health care rehabilitation programme: A focus group study of persons with chronic pain. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(16), 985-995. doi: 10.1080/096382805004676246
Mayer, J. D., & Gaschke, Y. N. (1988). The experience and meta-experience of mind. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 102-111.
Markstrom, C. A., Sabino, V. M., Turner, B. J., & Herman, R. C. (1997). The psychosocial inventory of ego strengths: development and validation of a new eriksonian measure.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(6), 705-732.
Markstrom, C. A., & Marshall, S. K. (2007). The psychosocial inventory of ego strengths:
Examination of theory and psychometric properties. Journal of Adolescence 30(1), 63-79. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.11.003
Norman, E., & Furnes, B. (2014). The concept of “Meta emotion”: What is there to learn from research on metacognition? Emotion Review, 0(0), 1–7. doi: 10.1177/1754073914552913
Pirani, Z., Abbasi, M., Dargahi, S., Dargahi, A., Kamran, A., Savadpour, M. T.(2014). A comparative study of psychological well-being, meta-emotion, and resiliency in fertile and infertile women. Journal Homepage, 3(3), 133-139.
Pirson, M., Langer, E. J., Bodner, T., & Zilcha-Mano, S. (2012).The Development and Validation of the Langer Mindfulness Scale-Enabling a Socio-Cognitive Perspective of Mindfulness in Organizational Contexts (Fordham University Schools of Business Research Paper). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2158921
Solomon, R. L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of
pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35(8), 691-712.
doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.35.8.691
Smith, J. D. (2008). A leap across a basic fault: Brief supportive dynamic therapy. Psychodynamic Practice, 14(4), 421–439.
Whitfield, H. J. (2006). Towards case-specific applications of mindfulness-based
cognitive-behavioral therapies: A mindfulness-based rational emotive behavior therapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 205–217.
Wang, M., & Saudino, K. J. (2011).Emotion regulation and stress. Journal Adult Development, 18, 95–103. doi:10.1007/s10804-010-9114-7
Young, K. S.（1996）. Psychology of computer use：XL. Addictive use of the internet：A case
that breaks the stereotype. Psychological Rep. 79, 899-902.