臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

「帕奈號」事件是發生在1937年12月12日(星期日)下午1時30分，1艘美國海軍亞洲艦隊長江巡邏隊的砲艦「帕奈號」(U. S. S. Panay)在將原本居住在南京的最後一批美國僑民載離已被日軍攻陷的南京城的途中，遭到日本海軍航空隊的轟炸，導致該艦及其所護衛的美商美孚火油行(Standard Vacuum Oil Company)3艘作業船隻遭到擊沉。這件原本不甚起眼的事件由於同日上午1艘英國砲艦「瓢蟲號」(H. M. S. Ladybird)及下午兩艘英艦「蟋蟀號」(H. M. S. Cricket)及「甲蟲號」(H. M. S. Scarab)亦遭日軍攻擊而擴大的國際事件。1941年12月「珍珠港事變」發生以前，美日兩國之間的最大一起衝突事件，兩國險些因此開戰。該事件背後所隱藏的因素、事件發生的梗概，及事件發生之後所造成的影響，皆構成了本人的研究動機。
「帕奈號」原本是在中國執行著所謂的「砲艦外交」(gunboat diplomacy)，及主要是用來保衛美國在華僑民生命財產安全，且在情勢必要時將僑民由危險地帶撤出。中日戰爭爆發後，隨著日軍在戰場上逐步推進，日軍不可避免地將可能對外國在華利益形成威脅，尤其是日軍當局採行無差別轟炸(promiscuous bombing; indiscriminate bombing)，更加大了與外國衝突的可能性。12日同一日內，美艦「帕奈號」及其他數艘英艦遭到攻擊後，為美英兩國的合作造就機會。但美國方面，既要使日本感受到壓力，又要不得罪日本，再加上英國積欠美國一筆鉅額戰債未還，同時國內又有孤立主義的聲浪，使得美國對英方一再要求雙方聯合示威表現出謹慎的態度，最後終告無疾而終。
但這並不表示美國願就此罷手。美國其實已經感受到日方持續的侵略行動，故加強其在夏威夷群島的防務，而再夏威夷加強防務事國會當中主張全球干預及孤立主義雙方皆能接受的界線，因為此舉可避免美國本土遭受直接的外來攻擊。
羅斯福(Franklin Delano Roosevelt)同時在1938年底批准了對華桐油借款，此筆款項對中國來說是士氣上的一大鼓舞，鼓勵中國持續抗戰。我們由資料中得知，當時中國駐法國大使顧維鈞的奔走有相當大的功勞。
我們也由中國外交部檔案中得之中國政府對此事件的態度及地方官員冒著生命危險搶救友邦人士的事實。我們也由中國當時的報刊了解到當時輿論普遍希望美英兩國協助阻止日本再度破壞條約的神聖性。
我們可以說，在事件之後，美國由於希望中國繼續抗日而慢慢地採取有限度的援華措施，但是縱使美日之間一時解決眼前的問題，但仍無法根本解決長期的問題，故我們可以「帕奈號」事件開啟了美日衝突的大門為本論文的結論。

The main purpose of this research is merely trying to reestablish the historical facts of the Panay incident and to reassess its impact on the interested countries.
The Panay incident, happening in the Chinese waters on December 12, 1937, constituted the most serious conflict and almost led to war between the United States and Japan before the Pearl Harbor in the late 1941. Treaties signed in the 19th century entitled the foreign ships the right of inland navigation, and the U. S. S. Panay, which belonged to the Yangtze Patrol, U. S. Asiatic Fleet, enforced the power to patrol Yangtze River to perform the “gunboat diplomacy”, which was to protect the life and properties of the U. S. citizens in China and evacuate them in case of emergency. With the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War on July 7, 1937 and the advancement of the Japanese military operations, the U. S. government feared that the Japanese armed forces were doomed to breach U. S. treaty rights. With the promiscuous bombing by the Japanese forces, the attack on the U. S. S. Panay by the Japanese naval bombers and the firing on the H. M. S. Ladybird and other British ships by the Japanese Army caused very serious diplomatic problems, even becoming deteriorated, among these powers. It did give the Anglo-Saxons a hard-to-get chance to take a firm, joint action, which came to naught in the end, toward the Japanese.
It did not, however, mean that the U. S. did not try to do anything. The U. S. government which was alerted by the Japanese continuous aggression tended to strengthen his own fortresses especially in the Hawaiian islands though the isolationists both inside and outside the congress called for withdrawing the U. S. armed forces from China. The purpose of doing so was to make Hawaii the frontline to prevent the continental U. S. from any direct attacks.
While the U. S. government decided not to take any actions in this incident and became alerted toward the Japanese, the Roosevelt administration ratified the loan to China, which was to be redeemed with the tung oil by the Chinese government. It was really an encouragement to the Chinese to continue to fight for the protracted war with Japan. Materials found in the historical sources show that Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo, one of the reputed Chinese diplomats and then ambassador to France, made this high contribution.
We found many materials from the Chinese Foreign Ministry archives show the official attitude toward this incident and that the humane rescue provided by the local officials at their own risk which could help to promote the relations of these two countries. We still learned from the Chinese newspapers the public opinion and the expectation of the Chinese people to the U. S. and Britain to stop the violation of the sanctity of the treaties by the Japanese troops.
At the end of this thesis, we tried to recapitulate the main point, which has been mentioned in the above chapters. We may get a conclusion that the Panay incident is the prelude to the conflict between the U. S. and Japan. Whatever the toleration the U. S. might have been to Japan, the war between these two powers could not be avoided, and the U. S. still need to intervene in the Sino-Japanese War.

緒論…………………………………………………………………………………1
第一章 「帕奈號」事件發生的背景……………………………………………11
第一節 宏觀因素…………………………………………………………… 11
第二節 微觀因素…………………………………………………………… 21
第二章 事件的發生及其過程……………………………………………………37
第一節 事件發生前的徵兆─從「基隆事件」到「許閣森事件」………37
第二節 事件的發生經過……………………………………………………44
第三節 英艦「瓢蟲號」(H. M. S. Ladybird)事件……………………56
第三章 美日兩國對「帕奈號」事件的處理……………………………………63
第一節 美國的立即反應與美英協調的無成………………………………63
第二節 日本的因應之道……………………………………………………79
第三節 美國國內孤立主義者的反應………………………………………91
第四章 中國對「帕奈號」事件的態度及對美國的期望………………………97
第一節 中國地區媒體的報導………………………………………………97
第二節 中國政府對該事件的對策…………………………………………116
第五章 美國對中日戰事長期化的對策………………………………………127
第一節 美國對日本要求美英自華撤軍的肆應……………………………127
第二節 美國對抗戰中的中國之政策………………………………………146
結論………………………………………………………………………………159
附錄「帕奈號」事件發生前後大事簡表………………………………………165
徵引書目…………………………………………………………………………169

一、中、日文部分：
(一)檔案、資料、回憶錄、年鑑：
中華民國外交問題研究會編，《蘆溝橋事變前後的中日外交關係》，台北：中華民國外交問題研究會，民國55年。
日本防衛廳防衛研修所戰史室編、中華民國國防部史政編譯局譯，《從盧溝橋到南京戰役：初期陸軍作戰(一)》，台北：國防部史政編譯局，民國76年6月。
古屋奎二著，中央日報社譯，《蔣總統秘錄》，第11分冊，台北：中央日報社，民國66年。
朱匯森編，《中華民國史事紀要─中華民國二十六年(1937)七至十二月份》，台北：國史館，民國76年6月。
臼井勝美(編)，稻葉正夫(解說)，《現代史資料9：日中戰爭史2》，東京：株式會社みすず書房，1984年8月5日第6刷發行。
拉鐵摩爾(Lattimore, Owen)(著)，磯野富士子(整理)，吳心伯(譯)，《蔣介石的美國顧問─歐文‧拉鐵摩爾回憶錄》，上海：復旦大學出版社，1996。
洪桂己編，《日本在華暴行錄》，台北：國史館，民國74年10月。
秦孝儀主編，《革命文獻》，第108輯，台北：中國國民黨中央委員會黨史委員會，民國76年。
國史館藏，《外交檔案‧美艦Panay號被炸沉案》。
國史館藏，《蔣中正總統檔案 革命文獻拓影》(抗戰時期)。
國史館藏，《蔣中正總統檔案 籌筆》(抗戰時期)。
郭廷以編，《中華民國史事日誌》，台北：中央研究院近代史研究所，民國73年。
顧維鈞(Koo, V. K. Wellington)著，中國社會科學院近代史研究所譯，《顧維鈞回憶錄》[The V. K. Wellington Koo’s Memoirs(New York: Chinese Oral History Project of the East Asian Institute of Columbia University, 1978)]，第3分冊，北京：中華書局，1985。
(二)報紙、雜誌：
《大公報》(漢口)，民國26年12月至民國27年2月。
《中央日報》(湖南版)，民國27年1月至民國27年2月。
《申報》，民國26年12月。
《東方雜誌》，民國26年12月至民國27年2月。
《新華日報》(漢口)，民國27年1月11日至民國27年2月。
(三)專書：
上村伸一，《日本外交史20：日華事變(下)》，東京：鹿島平和研究所，1972年8月第2刷。
中央大學人文科學研究所(日)編，《日中戰爭：日本‧中國‧アメリカ》，東京：中央大學出版部，1993。
孔華潤(Cohen, Warren Ira)、入江昭編，《巨大的轉變：美國與東亞》[American, Chinese, Japanese Perspectives on Wartime Asia(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resource Books, 1990)]，上海：復旦大學出版社，1991。
王建朗，《中國廢除不平等條約的歷程》，南昌：江西人民出版社，2000。
王建朗，《抗戰初期的遠東國際關係》，台北：東大圖書出版公司，民國85年。
王鐵崖等著，王人傑校訂，《國際法》，台北：五南圖書公司，民國81年。
包滄瀾，《日本近百年史》，台北：藝文印書館，民國55年。
寺崎隆治主編，《長谷川清傳》，東京：長谷川清傳刊行會，1972。
米慶余編，《日本百年外交論》，北京：中國社會科學出版社，1998。
吳相湘，《第二次中日戰爭史》，共兩冊，台北：綜合月刊出版社，民國62年。
吳翎君，《美國與中國政治(1917-1928)：以南北分裂政局為中心的探討》，台北：東大圖書公司，民國85年。
李仕德，《英國與中國的外交關係(1929-1937)》，台北：國史館，民國88年12月初版。
李恩涵，《日本軍戰爭暴行之研究》，台北：台灣商務印書館，民國83年。
李恩涵，《北伐前後的「革命外交」(1925-1931)》，台北：中央研究院近代史研究所，民國82年。
李恩涵，《戰時日本販毒與「三光作戰」研究》，南京：江蘇人民出版社，1999。
周惠民，《德國對華政策研究》，台北：作者自印，民國84年9月初版。
林明德，《日本史》，台北：三民書局，民國82年。
信夫清三郎著、周啟乾譯，《日本近代政治史》，第4冊，台北：桂冠圖書公司，民國83年4月初版2刷。
約翰‧馬克斯韋爾‧漢密爾頓(Hamilton, John Maxwell)著，沈蓁、沈永華、許文霞譯，《埃德加‧斯諾傳》，北京：學苑出版社，1990。
徐藍，《英國與中日戰爭，1931-1941》，北京：北京師範學院出版社，1991。
許介鱗，《近代日本論》，台北：故鄉出版社，民國76年。
郭廷以，《近代中國史綱》(下)，台北：曉園出版社重排本，民國83年5月初版第1刷。
陶文釗，《中美關係史(1911-1950)》，重慶：重慶出版社，1993。
陶文釗、楊奎松、王建朗，《抗日戰爭時期中國對外關係》，北京：中共黨史出版社，1995。
陶文釗、資中筠編，《架起理解的新橋樑─中美關係史研究回顧與展望》，合肥：安徽大學出版社，1996。
費正清(Fairbank, John King)著，張理京譯，《美國與中國》[The United States and China(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983)] ，北京：世界知識出版社，2000。
楊玉聖，《中國人的美國觀─一個歷史的考察》，上海：復旦大學出版社，1996。
董顯光，《蔣總統傳》，台北：中華大典編印會，民國56年。
蔣永敬，《抗戰史論》，台北：東大圖書公司，民國84年。
藤原彰，《昭和の歷史：日中全面戰爭》，東京：小學館，1982。
(四)期刊、論文：
王瑞珍，〈有關日本對在華第三國侵害的一些情況〉，《抗日戰爭研究》，第4期(北京：中國社會科學院近代史研究所，1995)，頁63-71。
鮑家麟，〈列強對中國抗戰的態度(一九三七∼一九三九)〉，《國立台灣大學歷史學報》，第6期(台北：國立台灣大學歷史學系，民國68年12月)，頁117-147。
魏良才，〈抗戰期間的中美關係〉，《近代中國》，60(台北：近代中國雜誌社，民國76年8月)，頁137-162。
(五)學位論文：
林孝庭，〈外交家伍朝樞與近代中國〉，台北：國立政治大學外交研究所碩士論文，民國86年。
二、外文部分：
(一)檔案、年鑑、報紙、雜誌、史料集：
de Bary, William Theodore, Ryusaku Tsunoda & Donald Keene, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Sixth Edition, New York: Columbia University Press, 1965.
Chicago Tribune(microfilm)
China Weekly Review(Millard’s Review)(Shanghai)(microfilm)
Great Britain, Foreign Office, F. O. Confidential Print, No. 371; No. 436.(microfilm)
Great Britain, House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. 330 & 331, London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Medlicott, W. N., et al. eds., Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939(London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1984), Second Series, Vol. XXI.
The New York Times(microfilm)
North-China Herald(Shanghai)(microfilm)
Röling, Bernard Victor Aloysius & C. F. Ruter, eds., The Tokyo Judgement: The International Tribunal for the Far East(I. M. T. F. E.), 12 April 1946-12 November 1948, 2 Vols., Amsterdam: APA-University Press Amsterdam BV, 1977.
Röling, Bernard Victor Aloysius, The Tokyo Judgement and Beyond: Reflections of a Peacemonger, Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1993.
San Francisco Chronicle(microfilm)
Schewe, Donald B., ed., Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, Vol. IV, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1979.
United States Congress, Congressional Record, Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.(microfilm)
United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS), 1937, Vol. III, Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1954.
United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS), 1937, Vol. IV, Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1954.
United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS), 1938, Vol. IV, Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1954.
United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS), Japan, 1931-1941, 2 Vols., Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1943.
United States Department of State, Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941, Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1943.
(二)回憶錄、日記：
Abend, Hallett Edward, My Life in China, 1926-1941, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1943.
Craigie, Robert Leslie, Sir, Behind the Japanese Mask, London: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1945.
Dilk, David, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938-1945, London: Cassell & Co. Ltd., 1971.
Eden, Anthony, Facing the Dictators: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1962.
Grew, Joseph Clark, Ten Years in Japan, Reprint of the First Edition(1944), Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973.
Grew, Joseph Clark, Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904-1945, Vol. II, London: Hammond, Hammond & Co. Ltd., 1953.
Hull, Cordell, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1948.
Ickes, Harold Leclair, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. II, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954.
Leahy, William D., I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to President Roosevelt and Truman Based on His Notes and Diaries Made at the Time, New York: Whittlesey House, 1950.
Powell, John Benjamin, My Twenty-Five Years in China, New York: Macmillan, 1945.
Snow, Edgar, Red Star Over China, New York: Grove Press, 1968, First Revised and Enlarged Edition.
Stimson, Henry Lewis & McGeorge Bundy, eds., On Active Service in Peace and War, New York Harper & Brothers, 1947.
Welles, Sumner, Seven Decisions That Shaped History, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1951.
Welles, Sumner, The Time for Decision, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1944.
(三)專書：
Anderson, Irvine Henry, Jr., The Standard Vacuum Oil Company and U. S. East Asian Policy, 1933-1941, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.
Beard, Charles Austin, American Foreign Policy in the Making, 1932-1940: A Study in Responsibilities, Hamden, CT: Archon, 1968.
Bergamini, David, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy, New York: William Morrow & Co., 1971.
Bisson, Thomas Arthur, American Policy in the Far East, 1931-1940, New York: International Secretariat, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1940.
Blum, John Morton, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928-1938, New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1959.
Borg, Dorothy & Okamoto, Shumpei(岡本俊平), eds., Pearl Harbor as History: Japanese-American Relations, 1931-1941, New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.
Borg, Dorothy, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933-1938: From the Manchurian Incident through the Initial Stage of the Undeclared Sino-Japanese War, Second Printing, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.
Brice, Martin Hubert, The Royal Navy and the Sino-Japanese Incident, 1937-41, London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1973.
Buhite, Russell Devere, Nelson T. Johnson and American Policy toward China, 1925-1941, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1968.
Burns, Richard Dean & Bennett, Edward Moore, eds., Diplomats in Crisis: United States-Chinese-Japanese Relations, 1919-1941, Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1974.
Chang, Iris(張純如), The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, New York: Basic Books, 1997.
Clifford, Nicholas Rowland, Retreat from China: British Policy in the Far East, 1937-1941, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967.
Cohen, Warren Ira, America’s Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations, New York: Columbia University Press, 2000, Fourth Edition.
Cohen, Warren Ira, The Chinese Connection: Roger S. Greene, Thomas W. Lamont, George E. Sokolsky and American East-Asian Relations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.
Cole, Bernard David, Gunboats and Marines: The United States Navy in China, 1925-1928, Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1982.
Cole, Wayne S., Senator Gerald S. Nye and American Foreign Policy, Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1962.
Coox, Alvin D., Year of the Tiger, Tokyo: Orient/West Inc., Publishers, 1964.
Costello, John, The Pacific War, New York: Quill, 1982.
Dallek, Robert, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
DeConde, Alexander, A History of American Foreign Policy, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971.
Dennett, Tyler, Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of United States’ Policy in the Nineteenth Century, Reprint of the First Edition(1922), New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1963.
Feis, Herbert, The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War between the United States and Japan, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950.
Friedman, Irving Sigmund, British Relations with China: 1931-1939, Reprint of the First Edition(1940), New York: Octagon Books, 1974.
Griswold, Alfred Whitney, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.
Hata, Ikuhiko(秦郁彥) & Izawa, Yasuko(comp.), Graham, Don Cyril(tran.), Japanese Naval Forces and Fighter Units in World War II, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989.
Heinrichs, Waldo Huntley, Jr., American Ambassador: Joseph C. Grew and the Development of the U. S. Diplomatic Tradition, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1966.
Hunt, Michael Houston, Ideology and U. S. Foreign Policy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.
Hunt, Michael Houston, The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
Iriye, Akira(入江昭), Across the Pacific: An Inner History of American-East Asian Relations, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1967.
Jones, Francis Clifford, Japan’s New Order in East Asia: Its Rise and Fall, 1937-1945, London: Oxford University Press, 1954.
Jones, Howard, Quest for Security: A History of U. S. Foreign Policy, Vol. II, New York: The McGraw-Hill Co., Inc., 1996.
Koginos, Manny T., The Panay Incident: Prelude to War, Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Studies, 1967.
Langer, William Leonard & Gleason, S. Everette, The Challenge to Isolation, 1937-1940, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1952.
Lee, Bradford A., Britain and the Sino-Japanese War: A Study in the Dilemmas of British Decline, 1937-1939, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973.
Louis, William Roger, British Strategy in the Far East, 1919-1939, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
Lowe, Peter, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: A Study of British Policy in East Asia, 1937-1941, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977.
Lu, David John, From the Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor: Japan Entry into World War II, Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1961.
MacDonald, Callum A., The United States, Britain, and Appeasement, 1936-1939, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1981.
Morris, Ivan I., Nationalism and the Right Wing in Japan: A Study of Post-War Trends, London: Oxford University Press, 1960.
Murfett, Malcolm H., Fool-Proof Relations: The Search for Anglo-American Naval Cooperation During the Chamberlain Years, 1937-1940, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1985.
Nish, Ian Hill, ed., Anglo-Japanese Alienation, 1919-1952: Papers of the Anglo-Japanese Conference on the History of the Second World War, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Perry, Hamilton Darby, The Panay Incident: Prelude to Pearl Harbor, New York: Macmillan, 1969.
Scalapino, Robert A., Democracy and the Party Movement in Prewar Japan, Third Printing, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
Schaller, Michael, U. S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
Shewmaker, Kenneth E., Americans and Chinese Communists, 1927-1945, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971.
Storry, Richard, The Double Patriots: A Study of Japanese Nationalism, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1959.
Tolley, Kemp, Yangtze Patrol: The U. S. Navy in China, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1971.
Tuchman, Barbara W., Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1971.
Varg, Paul Albert, The Closing of the Door: Sino-American Relations, 1936-1946, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1973.
Willoughby, Westel Woodbury, Foreign Rights and Interests in China, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1927.
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Young, Arthur Nichols, China and the Helping Hands, 1937-1945, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.
(四)期刊、論文：
Fowler, Wilton Bonham, “American Diplomacy in the Progressive Era: The Dictates of Strategy and Defense.” Lewis L. Gould, ed., The Progressive Era(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1974), pp. 153-180.
Grace, Richard John, “Anglo-American Relations Regarding the Far East, 1937-1941.” Ph. D. Dissertation, Fordham University, 1974.
Gubler, Greg, “The Diplomatic Career of Sato Naotake(1882-1971): A Samurai in Western Clothing.” Ph. D. Dissertation, The Florida State University, 1975.
Okumiya, Masatake, “How the Panay Was Sunk?” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 79, No. 6(Annapolis, MD: U. S. Naval Institute, June, 1953), pp. 587-596.
Swanson, Harlan J., “The Panay Incident: Prelude to Pearl Harbor.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 93, No. 12(December, 1967), pp. 26-37.