臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究依據Flip G. Droste所提出之後設隱喻理論，旨在探討其在中文報紙中新聞標題及廣告用語之語意與語用功能。研究所採用語料來源為中國時報、聯合報、自由時報、及其網站。
研究結果顯示﹐後設隱喻在中文語料中為自然語言的必要之一部分，而非僅是修辭潤飾上的功能。語言是因為需要而產生，以達到某種效果；後設隱喻的功能正符合新聞標題及廣告用語之目的：吸引讀者注意，並在有限的時空內，表達雙重的涵義。在依據內容、結構及觸發之語料分類中，社會新聞、雙字詞及語意歧義分別為各類中出現頻率最高者。中文的語言特性使後設隱喻在相較英文下，有良好的發揮空間且有更多的表現型態。它可以是由下列所觸發：（1）句法歧義；（2）語意歧義；（3）專有名詞之嵌入；（4）音譯。需要強調的是，語料蒐集過程中發現，中文後設隱喻的先決條件為先有隱喻的涵義，再從字面上獲得另一符合語境和指涉架構之用法，尤其字音、字型需一致，才不至於與隱喻、雙關語、假後設隱喻混淆。

My present study explores meta-metaphor in headlines and advertisements in Mandarin Chinese newspapers on the basis of Flip G. Droste’s theory of meta-metaphor. Data consists of the following sources: United Daily News, China Times, Liberty Times, and their websites as well.
The results indicate meta-metaphor is part of natural language, not just a rhetoric device or a decorative function. Language is the consequence of need for gaining certain effects; meta-metaphor exactly conforms to the purposes of news headlines and advertisements: attracting readers’ attention and being informative with a double extensional value within limited time and space.
In the classifications in terms of the content, the structure and the trigger, meta-metaphor of social news, two-character utterances and semantic ambiguity are of the highest occurrence respectively. Compared with English, the characteristics of Mandarin Chinese allow meta-metaphor to have more manifestations. They can be triggered by semantic ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity, name embedding and transliteration. In the process of interpreting Chinese meta-metaphor, the metaphorical interpretation (the states of affair β) is evoked first and then the literal one (the states of affair α) is evoked in maximal compliance with the particular context and the frame of reference (FR). Noteworthily, the homomorphous feature also distinguishes meta-metaphor from pun and pseudo meta-metaphor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHINESES ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------ i
ENGLISH ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------- ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --------------------------------------------------- iii
LISTS OF FIGURES ----------------------------------------------------------- iv

1. INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Motivation and Goals ---------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Data Collection and Limitations --------------------------------------- 2
1.3 Organization of the Study ----------------------------------------------- 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW --------------------------------------------------- 6
2.1 Flip G. Droste (1986) --------------------------------------------------- 6
2.1.1 A Different View on Metaphor --------------------------------- 6
2.1.1.1 Traditional View on Metaphor ----------------------- 6
2.1.1.2 Cognitive View on Metaphor ------------------------ 7
2.1.1.3 Droste’s View on Metaphor -------------------------- 8
2.1.1.3.1 Paradigmatic vs. Syntagmatic Predication - 9
2.1.1.3.2 Flaw in the Truth Parameter --------------- 10
2.1.2 Definition of Meta-metaphor ----------------------------------- 11
2.1.2.1 Fundamental Components ---------------------------- 12
2.1.2.1.1 State of Affairs (SA) ------------------------- 13
2.1.2.1.2 Frame of Reference (FR) & Context ------ 14
2.1.2.2 Interpretive Process of Meta-metaphor ------------- 16
2.1.2.2.1 The Five Stages ------------------------------ 16
2.1.2.2.2 Interpretation of Meta-metaphor ----------- 17
2.1.3 Underlying Conceptions ---------------------------------------- 18
2.1.3.1 Tripartite Conception of Linguistic Functioning -- 18
2.1.3.2 Sentence Meaning vs. Utterance Meaning --------- 19
2.1.3.3 Propositional Representation (PR) vs. SA ---------- 20
2.1.3.4 Utterance vs. PR vs. SA ------------------------------- 21
2.2 Chuan-kao Shan (1994) -------------------------------------------------- 23
2.2.1 A Comparison Between Metaphor and Meta-metaphor ----- 24
2.2.1.1 Similarities ----------------------------------------------- 25
2.2.1.2 Differences ----------------------------------------------- 26
2.2.2 Mandarin Chinese Meta-metaphors --------------------------- 27
2.2.2.1 Motivation and Method -------------------------------- 27
2.2.2.2 Classifications of Mandarin Chinese
Meta-metaphors --------------------------------------- 27
2.3 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3. THEOREY AND METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------- 33
3.1 Modification of Shan’s Study ------------------------------------------- 33
3.1.1 Analysis of the Data ----------------------------------------------- 34
3.1.2 Discrepancy Between Pun and Metaphor ---------------------- 42
3.1.3 The Solutions of the Problems ----------------------------------- 44
3.2 Reinterpretation of Droste’s Theory ----------------------------------- 44
3.2.1 Application of Meta-metaphor Theory ------------------------- 44
3.2.2 Meta-metaphor in Mandarin Chinese --------------------------- 45
3.2.3 Classification of Meta-metaphor in Mandarin Chinese ------ 46
3.3 A Model of Meta-metaphor for Mandarin Chinese ------------------ 47
3.3.1 A Model ------------------------------------------------------------- 47
3.3.2 Methodology -------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.4 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
4. DISCUSSION OF CHINESE META-METAPHOR IN NEWSPAPER’S HEADLINES AND ADVERTISINGS ----------------------------------------- 54
4.1 Characteristics of News Headlines and Advertising ----------------- 54
4.2 Meta-metaphoric Examples in Mandarin Chinese ------------------- 55
4.2.1 Interpretation and Discussion of the Examples ---------------- 55
4.2.2 Classifications of Meta-metaphoric Expressions -------------- 66
4.2.2.1 In Terms of the Content --------------------------------- 67
4.2.2.1.1 Politics ------------------------------------------ 67
4.2.2.1.2 Society ------------------------------------------ 67
4.2.2.1.3 Life and Leisure ------------------------------- 69
4.2.2.1.4 Sports ------------------------------------------- 71
4.2.2.1.5 Advertising ------------------------------------- 71
4.2.2.1.6 Show Business --------------------------------- 72
4.2.2.1.7 Medicine ---------------------------------------- 73
4.2.2.1.8 Business ----------------------------------------- 74
4.2.2.2 In Terms of the Structure -------------------------------- 75
4.2.2.2.1 One-Character Utterances ------------------- 76
4.2.2.2.2 Two-Character Utterances ------------------- 77
4.2.2.2.3 Three-Character Utterances ----------------- 79
4.2.2.2.4 Four-Character Proverbs --------------------- 80
4.2.2.2.5 Utterances With More Than Three
Characters ------------------------------------ 82
4.2.2.3 In Terms of the Triggers in Meta-metaphor --------- 82
4.2.2.3.1 Name Embedding ---------------------------- 83
4.2.2.3.2 Semantic Ambiguity ------------------------- 84
4.2.2.3.3 Syntactic Ambiguity ------------------------- 88
4.2.2.3.4 Transliteration --------------------------------- 90
4.3 Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------- 91
5. FINDINGS IN MANDARIN CHINESE META-METAPHOR ------ 93
5.1 The Analysis of the Results ------------------------------------------- 93
5.1.1 Content Classification ------------------------------------------ 93
5.1.2 Structure Classification ----------------------------------------- 94
5.1.3 Trigger Classification ------------------------------------------- 96
5.1.3.1 Semantic Ambiguity ----------------------------------- 97
5.1.3.2 Syntactic Ambiguity ----------------------------------- 98
5.1.3.3 Transliteration ------------------------------------------ 100
5.2 The Degree of Conventionality -------------------------------------- 102
5.3 Domination of An Individual Character vs. A Whole Phrase ---- 103
5.3.1 Domination of An Individual Character --------------------- 103
5.3.2 Domination of A Whole Phrase ------------------------------- 105
5.4 Meta-metaphor taken as Pun ---------------------------------------- 106
5.5 Pseudo Meta-metaphor ----------------------------------------------- 107
5.6 Summary --------------------------------------------------------------- 110
6. CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------- 113
6.1 Meta-metaphor As Part of Natural Language --------------------- 113
6.2 Justification of the Study --------------------------------------------- 114
6.3 Implication of the Study ---------------------------------------------- 116
6.4 Suggestions for Further Research ----------------------------------- 117
BIBLIOGRAPHY --------------------------------------------------------------- 119
APPENDIX ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 125

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