臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣電力架空輸電系統密佈各地，在電力輸配時無可避免的有些電流會流入地中，稱為「大地洩漏電流」，此電流在各地流竄將污染大地，甚至造成一些公害，為改善此問題，需對大地洩漏電流的特性有充分的瞭解，包括其成因、大小的分佈、產生的地電位分佈、以及一些重要的影響參數。本文以台灣地區架空地線多重接地的架空輸電系統為對象，進行大地洩漏電流特性研究。研究首先探討其大地洩漏電流的成因，然後描述架空輸電系統的組成架構，據此建立分析的電路模型，其中除計算實際輸電線及架空地線之參數外，並考慮實際變電所及鐵塔之接地電阻。文中提出「擴充修正解耦法」以建立架空輸電系統的「零序階梯模型」及應用「高斯喬登消去法」發展運算法則，並針對台灣架空輸電系統包括69kV、161kV及345kV系統在不同供電方式及不同線路長度之條件下，以分析系統正常運轉時礙子遭受污染、輸電線對地充電電容效應及相導體負載電流對架空地線感應所產生之感應地電流等所造成之大地洩漏電流、地電位昇及架空地線電流分佈，最後探討相關成因及參數對這些分佈的影響。研究結果顯示架空輸電系統平常運轉時的大地洩漏電流主要來自相導體負載電流對架空地線感應所產生之感應地電流，在變電所附近經由多重接地流入或流出架空地線，因此在變電所附近有較大的大地洩漏電流及地電位，可能對敏感系統或設備造成干擾或傷害，值得注意。

The overhead transmission systems are distributed everywhere over Taiwan area. When the system are energized to deliver power, some current referred to "earth — leakage — current" (ELC) will inevitably flow into the earth. The ELC flowed everywhere to pollute the earth and even produce some public-detriments. For solving the problems related to ELC, it is necessary to full understand the ELC characteristics which include causes and distributions of ELC, distributions of ground potential rise (GPR) due to ELC, and some critical affection parameters to ELC. In this thesis, the ELC characteristics of overhead transmission systems with multi-grounded wires are studied, which include 69kV, 161kV and 345kV overhead transmission system. In the study, the causes of ELC are first investigated. Then, based on the causes of ELC, the circuit models for analyzing ELC distributions are constructed by taking into considerations of parameters of transmission lines, ground-wires and the grounding resistances of substations and towers. An "extended-modified-decoupled method" is proposed for constructing the "zero-sequence-ladder-circuit-model" of overhead transmission systems. The solution algorithm base on "Gauss Jodarn elimination method" is developed to analyze the circuit model for calculating the ELC of transmission systems on normal operation with respect to various parameters variations. The parameters variations include different transmission schems, different tower numbers and lengthes, different contamination on insulators and different load levels. The effects of these parameters on the distributions of ELC, GPR and ground-wire currents will be also analyzed. The analysis result have shown that the ELC is mainly caused by the flowing of ground-wire currents which induced by the load currents of phase transmission lines. More ELCs and GPRs will appear in the area nearby the substations where sensitive systems and equipments may be interfered or even damaged.

第一章 緒 論..............................................1
1.1 研究動機及目的......................................1
1.2 國內外研究概況......................................2
1.3 研究內容............................................3
第二章 架空輸電系統大地洩漏電流成因及影響..................5
2.1 大地洩漏電流成因....................................5
2.2 大地洩漏電流之影響.................................11
第三章 架空輸電系統之簡介.................................17
3.1 輸電系統之範圍及特點...............................17
3.2 架空輸電系統之接地.................................22
3.2.1 接地系統之架構與目的.............................22
3.2.2 架空輸電系統之接地方式...........................31
3.2.3 架空輸電系統之接地網路架構.......................33
第四章 問題描述與模型之建立...........................37
4.1 問題描述...........................................37
4.2 原始模型之建立.....................................39
4.3 解耦技巧(Decoupled Technique)......................43
4.4 擴充修正解耦法(Extend-Modified Decoupled Method)...46
第五章 系統參數之計算及演算法.............................49
5.1 系統參數之計算.....................................49
5.2 數學模式之建立.....................................62
5.3 高斯-喬登消去法(Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method)...64
5.4 大地洩漏電流及地電位分析演算法.....................66
第六章 實例模擬結果與檢討比較.............................68
6.1 系統礙子遭受不同污染程度之模擬結果.................69
6.2 輸電線三相導體對地充電電容效應之模擬結果..........106
6.3 系統不同負載準位之模擬結果........................118
6.4 模擬結果之檢討與比較..............................137
第七章 結論與未來展望....................................159
7.1結論...............................................159
7.2未來展望...........................................160
參考文獻..................................................161

[1]F. Dawalibi and George B. Niles, "Measurements and
Computations of Fault Current Distribution on Overhead
Transmission Lines", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 3, pp. 553-560, March 1984.
[2]F. Dawalibi, "Ground Fault Current Distribution Between
Soil and Neutral Conductors", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 2, pp. 452-461,
March/April 1980.
[3]F. Dawalibi, D. Bensted and D. Mukhedkar, "Soil Effects on
Ground Fault Currents", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 7, pp. 3442-3449, July 1981.
[4]H. B. Gooi and S. A. Sebo, "Distribution of Ground Fault
Currents Along Transmission Lines -- An Improved
Algorithm", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-104, No. 3, pp. 663-670, March 1985.
[5]J. Fortin and H. G. Sarmiento, "Field Measurement of Ground
Fault Current Distribution and Substation Ground Impedance
at LG-2 QUEBEC", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-
1, No. 3, pp. 48-60, July 1986.
[6]S. A. Sebo, "Zero Sequence Current Distribution Along
Transmission Lines", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. 88, No. 6, pp. 910-919, June. 1969.
[7]W. George, "Power System Ground fault current distribution
using the double-side elimination method", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-1, No. 1, pp. 17-25, 1986.
[8]C. F. DeSieno, P. P. Marchenko and G. S. Vassell, "General
Equations for Fault Currents in Transmission Line Ground
Wires", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-89, No. 8, pp. 1891-1900, Nov./Dec. 1970.
[9]R. Verma and D. Mukhedkar, "Ground Fault Current
Distribution in Sub-Station, Towers and Ground Wires", IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, pp. 724-
730, 1979.
[10]L. Levey, "Calculation of Ground Fault Currents Using an
Equivalent Circuit and a Simplified Ladder Network", IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. PAS-101, No. 8,
pp.2491-2497, Aug. 1982.
[11]A. P. Meliopoulos, R. P. Webb, E. B. Joy and S. Patel,
"Computation of Maximum Earth Current in Substation
Switchyards", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol.PAS-102, No. 9, pp. 3131-3139, Sep. 1983.
[12]Baldev Thapar, Victor Gerez, Arun Balakrishnan and Donald
A. Blank, "Substation Grounding Grids Intertied Buried
Conductors", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 3,
pp. 1207-1212, July 1992.
[13]L. Levey, "Computation of Fault Currents and Voltages Along
A Multigrounded Neutral Power Lines Having Multiple Phase
Conductors", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4,
pp. 1541-1548, Oct. 1991.
[14]Laiding, J. F and F. P Zupa, "A Practical Ground Potential
Rise Prediction Technique", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, pp. 207-216, 1980.
[15]Robert J. Heppe, "Computation of Potential at Surface Above
an Energized Grid or Other Electrode, Allowing for Non-
Unifrom Current Distribution", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 6, pp. 1978-1983,
Nov./Dec. 1979.
[16]F. Dawalibi and N. Barbeito, "Measurements and Computations
of the Performance of Grounding Systems Buried in
Multilayers Soils", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6,
No.4, pp. 1483-1491, Oct. 1991.
[17]S. T. Sobral, J. O. Barbosa and V. S. Costa, "Ground
Potential Rise Characteristics of Urban Step-Down
Substations Fed By Power Cable--A Practical Example", IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1564-1572,
Oct. 1988.
[18]S. T. Sobral, C. A. Peixoto, Douglas Fernandes and D.
Mukhedkar, "Grounding Measurements at The Itaipu Generating
Complex Using The ''Extended Eleck Method'' ", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1553-1563, Oct. 1988.
[19]S. T. Sobral, V. G. P. Fleury, J. R. Villalba and D.
Mukhedkar, "Decoupled Method for Studying Large
Interconnected Grounding Systems Using Micro-computers",
part1 and part2, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No.
4, pp. 1536-1552, Oct. 1988.
[20]S. T. Sobral, C. A. O. Peixoto and D. Mukhedkar, "Ground
Potential Distribution in the Neighberhood of the Itaipu
Generation Complex", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.
PWRD-1, No.1, pp. 85-91, Jan. 1986.
[21]S. T. Sobral, Vasco S. Costa, Marcelo S. Campos and D.
Mukhedkar, "Dimensioning of Nearby Substation
Interconnected Ground System.", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1605-1614, Oct. 1988.
[22]S. T. Sobral, W. Castinheiras, V. S. Costa and D.
Mukhedkar, "Interferences Between Fault Power Circuits and
Communication Circuits or Pipelines--Simplification Using
the Decoupled Method", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.
6, No. 4, pp. 1599-1606, Oct. 1991.
[23]顏世雄，"變壓器高次諧波特性"，台電工程月刊第417期，第14-19
頁，民國72年5月。
[24]Jehn-Yih Chen, R. J. Chang, "Field Experience with Overhead
Distribution Equipment under Severe Contamination", IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 1640-1645,
July 1996.
[25]J. Carr, "Detection of High Impedance Faults on Multi-
Ground Primary Distribution Systems", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 4, pp. 2008-2016,
April 1981.
[26]蔡崇發，"淺談CGRS型高阻抗比例接地電驛"，台電工程月刊，第472
期，第85-89頁，民國76年12月。
[27]何金滿、周至如, "電信機房周圍之電力系統對電信設施之影響、潛
在危機及其因應對策"，期中報告，第40-56頁，民國85年7月。
[28]周嘉會，"電腦、自動化設備接地技術之動向"，台電工程月刊，第
446期，第49-59頁，民國74年10月。
[29]R. J. Gustafson and V. D. Albertson, "Neutral-to-Earth
Voltage and Ground Current Effects in Livestock
Facilities", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-101, No. 7, pp. 2090-2095, July 1982.
[30]William K. Dick and David F. Winter, "Computation
Measurment and Mitigation of Neutral-To-Earth Potentials on
Electrical Distribution Systems", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, No.2, pp. 564-571, April 1987.
[31]張植，"架空輸電線鹽塵害污染改善對策"，電機月刊，第5卷，第11
期，第97-102頁，民國84年11月。
[32]周嘉會，"鐵路電化電蝕問題與其對策"，台電工程月刊，第447期第
19-24頁，民國74年11月。
[33]廖財昌，"電廠設備之陰極防蝕技術及本公司實施現況"，台電工程月
刊，第483期，第91-114頁，民國77年11月。
[34]顏世雄，"開關場接地網對鐵架腐蝕的影響"，台電工程月刊，第488
期，第92-96頁，民國78年4月。
[35]楊金欉，"三十年來台電之輸電工程"，台電工程月刊，第333期，第
69-88頁，民國65年5月。
[36]許讚生，"台電四十年來之輸變電工程"，台電工程月刊，第453期，
第112-128頁，民國75年5月。
[37]楊金城，"台灣輸變電工程"，台電工程月刊，第573期，第132-146
頁，民國85年5月。
[38]"輸電工程作業手冊"，台灣電力公司編.
[39]李正芳、胡海清、陳世強、張憲章、黃旺成、葉輝雄，經濟部工業
局，"工業技術人才培訓計劃講義"，輸電線路設計與應用，民國85
年。
[40]梁志堅，"電力系統接地概論"，電機技師月刊，第65期，第33-57
頁，民國86年10月。
[41]J. Endrenyi, "Analysis of Transmission Tower Potentials
During Ground Faults", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-86, No. 10, pp. 1274-1283, Dec 1967.
[42]R. J. Gustafson, R. Pursley and V. D. Albertson, "Seasonal
Grounding Resistance Variations on Distribution Systems",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No.2, pp. 1013-1014,
April 1990.
[43]Rod S. Baishiki, C. Kent Osterberg and F. Dawalibi, "Earth
Resistivity Measurements Using Cylindrical Electrodes at
Short Spaceings", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-
2, No. 1, pp. 64-71, Jan 1987.
[44]Chih-Ju Chou, Chun-Chang Liu and Ying-Tung Hsiao, "A
Multiobjective Optimization Approach to Loading Balance and
Grouding Planning in Three-Phase Four-Wire Distribution
Systems", EPSR 31, pp. 163-174, 1994.
[45]C. J. Chou and Y. T. Hwang, "Analysis of Earth Leakage
Current in Three-Phase Four-Wire Distribution System",
Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Electrical Power
Engineering, pp. 26-30, Nov. 1996.
[46]H. W. Dommel, "Overhead Line Parameters From Handbook
Formulas and Computer Programs", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. 2, pp. 366-372,
Feb. 1985.
[47]R. Velazquez, P. H. Reynolds and D. Mukhedkar, "Earth-retum
Mutual Coupling Effects in Ground Resistance Measurements
of Extended Grids", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No. 6, pp. 1850-1851, June 1983.
[48]Edith Clarke, Circuit Analysis of AC Power Systems, Volume
I, pp. 372-433. (book)
[49]顏世雄、周嘉會，"接地與安全"，台電工程月刊，第445期，第5-10
頁，民國74年9月。
[50]Baldev Thaper, Omar Ferrer and Donald A. Blank, "Ground
Resistance of Concrete Foundations in Substation Yards",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No.1, pp. 130-136,
Jan 1990.
[51]H.M. Schneider and C.W. Nicholls, "Contamination Flashover
Performance of Insulators for UHV", IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems. Vol. PAS-97, pp. 1141-1420, 1978.
[52]F. Rizk and A. Assad, "Flashover Tests on Dust-contaminated
Insulators", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-91, pp. 328-335, 1972.
[53]IEEE Working Group, "The AC Clean-Fog Test for Contaminated
Insulators", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems.
Vol. 102, pp. 604-613, 1983.
[54]K. Naito, T. Kawaguchi, M. Ito, H. Katsukawa, and Y.
Suzuki, "Influence of Fog Parameters on Withstand Voltage
of Contaminated Insulators", IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, pp. 729-737, 1983.
[55]G. Karady, "The Effect of Fog parameters on the Testing or
Artificially Contaminated Insulators in a Fog Chamber",
IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-94,
pp. 378-387, 1975.
[56]IEEE Working Group, "Minimum Test Requirements for Non-
Ceramic Insulators", IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Vancouver,
Canada, 1979.
[57]International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC report,
Publication 507, "Artificial Pollution Tests on High-
Voltage Insulators to be Used on A.C. Systems", 1975.
[58]Paul M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power Systems, pp.
152-182, The Iowa State University Press/Ames. 1976. (book)
[59]Antonios E. Vlastos, and Tor Orbeck, "Outoor Leakage
Current Monitoring of Silicone Composite Insulators in
Coastal Service Conditions", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 1066-1070, April 1996.
[60]Wibawa Tjokrodiponto, Stephen A. Sebo, John D. Sakich and
Tiebin Zhao, "Leakage Current Magnitudes and Waveshapes
Along Polymer Insulators", IEEE Report-Conference on
Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,
Minneapolis, pp.390-393, Oct. 1997.
[61]Masashi Sato, Yuuji Mishima, Akihiro Nakajima and Masao
Sugai, "Leakage Current on Outoor Insulators under Rapid
Pollution Conditions", Proceeding of the 5th International
Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric
Materials, pp. 762-765, May 1997.
[62]E. A. Cherney, R. Hackam and S. H. Kim, "Procelain
Insulator Maintenance with RTV Silicone Rubber Coatings",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 1177-
1181, July 1991.
[63]劉書勝，"感電、漏電保護用接地工程"，電機技術月刊，第12卷，第
4期，第11-20頁，民國75年12月。
[64]林添貴，"高分子絕緣體對抗鹽塵霧害對策之探討"，台電工程月刊，
第531期，第81-86頁，民國81年11月。
[65]余定中，"磁礙子簡介及測試"，電機月刊，第5卷，第8期，第147-
153頁，民國84年8月。
[66]林偉堯，"聚合材料礙子介紹"，電機月刊，第7卷，第3期，第135-
141頁，民國84年8月。