臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

會計師是否應強制輪調之議題在各國會計師專業界已經爭論許久，會計師獨立性是否確實會因任期長度的增加而受損，關於這議題一直存有著兩方的說法。支持強制會計師輪調的人士認為，會計師與顧客的審計任期越長，會計師的獨立性可能會受到損害，審計品質也將下降，進而導致財務報表不實的弊案發生。然而反對會計師輪調的人士則認為，在強制輪調的制度之下，將增加會計師及顧客的成本，且會計師在缺乏顧客的相關風險及產業知識時，將更容易發生審計失敗，因此限制會計師任期並不一定真的能提升獨立性及審計品質。然而近年的一連串舞弊事件，使得各國主觀機關藉由立法的方式來防止類似的弊案再度發生。而我國之證券交易所亦於九十二年四月四日修正了「台灣證券交易所股份有限公司審視上市財務報表作業程序」，其中規定自上市公司申報九十二年度財務報表起，若上市公司連續五年的財務報表皆由兩名相同的會計師查核簽證時，將列為財務報表實質審閱的必選對象。而自九十三年上半年度財務報表開始，若兩名會計師之中，其中一位連續查核簽證五年，即對該公司之財務報表進行實質審查。本研究基於上述的研究背景，探討我國強制實施會計師輪調是否真能解決其獨立性之問題，以及能否提升財務報表之審計品質。本研究的樣本是以民國75年至民國93年，經證管會核准上市（櫃）之公司為樣本，刪除金融保險與特殊行業以及資料不全者，本研究最後之樣本共有1209個觀察。本研究之實證結果顯示，不論在模式（Ⅰ）或是模式（Ⅱ）之下，會計師任期的長短與會計師是否出具繼續經營疑慮之審計意見的意願並無統計上的相關性。此外，本研究亦進行一系列之敏感性分析，其中包含剔除樣本之中的極端值、實驗變數改為會計師事務所之任期、將會計師任期分成短期（2-3年）、中期（4-9年）及長期（9年以上）三組以及公司規模改以總資產取log衡量等，然而一系列之敏感性分析之實證結果皆與原先之結果相似，會計師任期的長短與會計師出具繼續經營疑慮之審計意見的意願之係數為負數，但皆不獲得統計上的顯著。根據本研究的實證結果，會計師的任期長短與會計師獨立性並無法獲得確定，可能顯示會計師的任期長短並不影響會計師之獨立性。在此情況之下可能導致會計師任期長短並不影響會計師出具繼續經營疑慮之意見，因此我國主管機關強制實施會計師輪調可能只會耗用更多的人力資源，增加整個社會之成本，故本研究認為會計師輪調制度並不適用於台灣現況，因此建議我國主管機關可藉由賦予會計師更大之法律責任、強化審計委員會等方法來加強會計師之獨立性以及減少浪費社會的資源。

The relevance of auditor tenure and audit quality, exist the treatise of the positive and negative aspects for long time. The supporter of the mandatory rotation thinks that the tenure of the accountant is more long, the independence of the accountant would be more low, audit quality would be more bad; The protecter of the mandatory rotation then thinks, because running short knowledge concerning particular risk in new client and correlation subject, so in auditing indenture of the first several year, audit quality would be worse. This the aim of research at inquire into the supporter and protecters of the mandatory accountant rotation the controversy of different viewpoint, by verify to be When the accountant tenure transform, the fluctuating of the audit opinion（going-concern auditor opinion substitution）, examine the accountant tenure confrontation accounts the latent influence of the quality, then inquiring into the mandatory accountant rotation system in the necessity of the domestic market of accountant.

This research session goes from 1986 to 2004 , matching specimen sum 1209 observations of quoted company/ year number of the sample standard. A multivariate analysis is used to test for the association between the type of audit opinion issued on the financial statements immediately prior to bankruptcy and the length of auditor tenure. the results indicate that the auditor teunre does not effect the audit report. However, this research did not provide the mandatory accountant rotation and will advance or obstruct the testimony of audit quality, undering the current voluntary accountant rotation system only provide, audit quality is also can't along with the extension and deteriorations of the tenure.

圖表目錄 3

第一章 緒論 4

第一節 研究背景與動機 4

第二節 研究目的 8

第三節 論文架構 9

第二章 文獻探討 11

第一節 會計師輪調之爭議 11

第二節 審計品質之定義及衡量 16

第三節 會計師輪調與審計品質之相關研究 20

第三章 研究設計 28

第一節 研究假說之建立 28

第二節 研究方法 30

第三節 研究樣本 37

第四章 實證結果 39

第一節 樣本敘述統計量 39

第二節 Logit迴歸模式分析結果 45

第三節 敏感性分析 49

第五章 結論與限制 60

第一節 研究結論 60

第二節 研究限制 63

第三節 後續研究之建議 64

參考文獻 65

參考文獻

一、中文部分

1.朱應舞，2002，任重道遠的美國企業革新法案，會計研究月刊，第202期。

2.江景清，1999，審計品質與合夥人輪調制度之探討，私立東吳大學會計研究所未出版碩士論文。

3.李建然、許書偉、陳政芳，2003，非審計服務與異常應計數之關聯性研究，會計評論，第37期。

4.李建然、陳政芳，2004，審計客戶重要性與盈餘管理：以五大事務所組別為觀察標的，會計評論，第38期。

5.翁明豪，2003，審計品質與盈餘管理之關聯性研究，私立東海大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。

6.張俊賢，2004，強制會計師輪調對審計品質的影響，國立臺北大學會計研究所碩士論文。

7.陳依蘋，2002，美國使上最大破產案-安隆(Enron)深度報導，會計研究月刊，第195期（2月）。

8.陳依蘋，2002，革新法案真能革新？，會計研究月刊，第202期（9月）。
9.劉崢嶸，1999，我國會計師輪調可行性之研究，國立政治大學會計研究所未出版碩士論文。

10.蔡亦臺，2003，市場成熟度與會計師輪調制度之分析性研究，國立臺北大學會計研究所碩士論文。

11.賴春田，2000，會計師的業務、責任及會計師事務所組織的演變，國立臺灣大學會計研究所碩士論文。

12.薛富井，2003，沙氏法案最新發展與我國相關規範探討，會計研究月刊，第215期（10月）。

13.薛富井，2003，美國2002沙氏法案對會計師事務所與發行公司影響之探討，會計研究月刊，第209期（4月）。

14.鍾惠珍，2002，從安隆(Enron)案談會計專業相關議題座談會報導，會計研究月刊，第198期（5月）。



二、英文部分
1.American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). 1972. Statement on Auditing Standards No. 1. Codification of Auditing Standards and Procedures. New York: Author.

2.American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). 1991. Code of Professional Conduct. New York: Author.
3.American Institute of Certified Public Accountants SEC Practice Section. 1992. Statement of position regarding mandatory rotation of audit firms of publicly held companies. AICPA. New York. March.

4.American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. 1978. Commission on Auditors’ Responsibilities: Report. Conclusions and Recommendations. Cohen Commission. New York.

5.Arrunada, B. & C. Paz-Ares. 1997. Mandatory rotation of company auditors: a critical examination. International Review of Law and Economics 17：1-31

6.Bartov, E., F. Gul, and A. Tsui. 2001. Discretionary-accruals models and audit qualifications. Journal of Accounting and Economics 30:421-452

7.Bates, H.L., R.W. Ingram and P.M.J Reckers. 1982. Auditor-Client Affiliation: The Impact on “Materiality”. A Study of the Effect of Auditor Rotation on Materiality Judgments. Journal of Accountancy (April):60-70

8.Becker, C. L., M. L. DeFond, J. Jiambalvo, and K.R.Subramanyam.1998. The effect of audit quality on earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research. Mississauga 15（Spring）:1-24.

9.Brody, R. G and Moscove, S. A. 1998. Mandatory auditor rotation. The National Public Accountant. Washington:43（May）:1-15

10.Carcello , J. V. and Neal, T. L. 2003. Audit Committee Characteristics and Auditor Dismissals Following New Going-Concern Audit Reports. The Accounting Review 78:95-117.

11.Carcello, J. V., D. R. Hermanson, and H. F. Huss. 2000. Going-Concern Opinions: The Effects of Partner Compensation Plans and Client Size. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 19(1):67-77

12.Chi, W. C., H. C. Yu and S. T. Chiu. 2002. Mandatory rotation and Auditor Independence- An Analysis of Auditor’s Reputation Effect. Accounting　Theory and Practice Conference.

13.Davis, L. R. , Soo B. and Trompeter G. 2000. Auditor Tenure, Auditor Independence and Earnings Management. Working paper. Boston College. Chestnut Hill, MA.

14.DeAngelo, L. 1981b. Auditor size and audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics 3:183-199

15.DeAngelo, L. E. 1981a. Auditor independence, ‘low balling’ and disclosure regulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics 3:113-127

16.DeAngelo, L. E. 1986. Accounting numbers as market valuation substitutes: A study of management buyouts of public stockholders. The Accounting Review 61:400-420.

17.DeFond, M. L. 1992. The Association Between Changes in Clients Firm Agency Cost and Auditor Switching. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. 11. No.1:16-31.

18.DeFond, M. L. and C. Park. 1997. Smoothing income in anticipation of future earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 23 (July):115-140.

19.Defond, M., K. Raghunandan and K. Subramanyam. 2002. Do Non-Audit Service Fees Impair Auditor Independence? Evidence from Going Concern Audit Opinions. Working paper. University of Southern California:1247-1274.

20.Deis, D. R. Jr. and Giroux, G. A. 1992. Determinants of audit quality in the public sector. The Accounting Review (July): 67(3):462-479.

21.Dopuch, N., and D. Simunic. 1982. The Competition in Auditing: An Assessment. Urbana: University of Illinois:41-59.

22.Dopuch N.D., R.R. King, and R. Schwartz. 2001. An Experiment Investigation of Reputation and Rotation Requirements. Journal of Accounting Research 39（1）:93-117.

23.Dopuch, N., R. Holthausen, and R. Leftwich. 1987. Predicting Audit Qualifications with Financial and Market Variables. The Accounting Review 62(July): 431-454.

24.Dye, R. A. 1991. Informationally motivated auditor replacement. Journal of Accounting and Economics. Vol. 14:347-374.

25.Elitzur, R, and H. Falk. 1996. Planned Audit Quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.15:247-269.

26.Emby, C. and R. A. Davidson. 1998. The effects of engagement factors on auditor independence : Canadian envidence. Journal of International Accounting. Auditing & Taxation: 7(2):163-179.

27.Francis, J. R., and E. R. Wilson. 1988. Auditor Changes: A Joint Test of Theories Relating to Agency Costs and Auditor Differentiation. The Accounting Review. 63.No.4:145-157.

28.Francis, J. R., E. L. Maydew, and H. C.Sparks. 1999. The role of big 6 auditors in the credible reporting of accruals. Auditing：A Journal of Practice & Theory 18 (Fall):17-34.

29.Geiger, M. A. and Raghunandan, K. R. 2002. Auditor tenure and audit reporting failures. Auditing：A Journal of Practice & Theory 21（march）:67-78.

30.Gill, G. and G. Tickell. 1992. Auditor rotate thyself. Charter. (February):38-40.

31.Healey P. M. and Kim M. 2003. The benefits of mandatory auditor rotation. Regulation Washington: 26（Fall）:10-16.

32.Healy, P., .1985. The impact of bonus schemes on the selection of accounting principles. Journal of Accounting and Economics:107-115.

33.Healy, P., and T. Lys. 1986. Auditor Changes Following Big Eight Mergers with Non-big Eight Audit. Journal of Accounting and Pubic Policy.5:251-265.

34.Hoyle, J. 1978. Mandatory auditor rotation: the arguments and an alternative. The Journal of Accountancy (May):69-78

35.Jaffar, N. and Alias, N.2002. Audit firm rotation in Malaysia：Prospects and problems. Finance India. Delhi 16（Sep）:933-948.

36.Johnson, V. E., Khurana, I. K. and　Reynolds, J. K. 2002. Audit-firm tenure and the quality of financial reports. Contemporary Accounting Research. Toronto: 19（Winter）:637-660.

37.Lennox, C. S. 1999. Audit quality and auditor size: An evaluation of reputation and deep pockets hypotheses. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 26:779-806.

38.Mautz, R.K. and H.A Sharaf. 1961. The philosophy of auditing. American Accounting Association:204-231.

39.McLaren, N.L. 1958. Rotation of auditors. The Journal of Accountancy (July):41-44.

40.Mutchler, J. F. 1985 A multivariate analysis of the auditors’ going- concern opinion decision. Journal of Accounting Research Autumn:668-682.

41.Myers, J. M.、Myers, L. A. and Omer, T. C. 2003.Exploring the Term of the Auditor-Client Relationship and the Quality of Earnings: A Case for Mandatory Auditor Rotation? . The Accounting Review 78（July）:779-799.

42.Palmrose, Z. 1988. An Analysis of Auditor Litigation and Auditor Service Quality. The Accounting Review. 63:55-73.

43.Simunic, D. A. 1984. Auditing, Consulting, and Auditor Independence. Journal of Accounting Research. Autumn 1984:679-702.

44.Simunic, D., and M. Stein. 1987. Product Differentiation in Auditing: Auditor Choice in the Market for Unseasoned New Issue. Research Monograph.13.The Canadian Certified General Accounting Research Foundation.

45.Tirole, J. 1986. Hierarchies and Bureaucracies：On the role of collusion in organizations. Journal of Law. Economics and Organization 2(2):181-214

46.Warfield, T. D., Wild, J. J. and　Wild, K. L. 1995. Managerial Ownership, Accounting Choices, and Informativeness of Earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 20:61-69.