臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

依戀關係與邊緣型人格特質關聯緊密，且兩者皆對情緒調節能力皆具重大影響。依戀為子女與照顧者間最親密的情感連結，被視為個人社會發展的開端與後來人際關係的基礎，也是情緒適切發展的重要因素。由於邊緣型人格障礙初發於成人早期，國內以非臨床成人為研究族群或採成人依戀測量的文獻較臨床領域來說相對稀少；臨床研究指出邊緣型人格障礙者具強烈、波動的情緒表達、較差的情緒控制，或定義為廣泛之情緒調節能力缺損，關於邊緣型人格特質如何透過成人依戀進而影響情緒調節面向中其他細微的機能，為值得深入探討之處。本研究欲針對非臨床早期成人族群，測量其邊緣型人格特質傾向與成人依戀兩者的關係、兩者又如何影響著不同層面的情緒調節能力，並探究可能影響之人口變項並排除混淆效果之影響，期對成年早期高邊緣型人格特質族群的情緒調節相關內涵有所貢獻。
本研究以方便取樣，研究樣本為台北市東吳大學生共計411位。正式研究採問卷調查法。研究工具包括中文版成人依戀量表、邊緣型人格特質測驗與情緒調節能力量表。所得結果以描述統計、獨立樣本t考驗、淨相關、部份相關、中介效果分析、階層迴歸等統計方法加以分析。結果顯示，對此樣本而言，(1)人口變項之影響：情緒覺察、反省與效能具性別差異，男較女佳；情緒覺察具年齡差異，長者較幼者高；家庭結構完整與否在情緒調節能力上無顯著差異；有無壓力事件在成人依戀類型程度上無顯著差異；有伴侶者之安全型成人依戀較無伴侶者高，在不安全型成人依戀上則無差異。(2)邊緣型人格特質傾向與不安全型成人依戀達顯著中度正相關，與安全型成人依戀無顯著相關。(3)邊緣型人格特質傾向可顯著正向預測男性與女性樣本的情緒表達，負向預測男性的情緒效能，負向預測女性的情緒調節策略、反省與效能。且在女性樣本中，不安全型成人依戀證實為邊緣型人格特質傾向對情緒調節中的表達、效能之影響的中介變項。
關鍵詞：邊緣型人格特質(borderline personality trait)、成人依附(adult attachment)、情緒調節能力(emotion regulation)

Abstract

Attachment and Borderline Personality have close connections which indicate great influence on the individual emotion regulation. Attachment is the most intimate affect connections among the parents and children that it has been the foundamental basis of further social development, interpersonal relationships and the proper emotional development as well. Although the onset which is most likely to take place in the early adulthood of Borderline Personality Disorder, the research of Taiwan seldom choose nonclinical individuals as subjects, nor implement the adult attachment tools to investigate the relationship compare to the clinical research. The studies has shown that patients of Borderline Personality Disorder has more intense, fluctuant change of emotions, worse emotion controbility or detective emotion dysfunctions extensively, but about how Borderline Personality influence slight changes of every aspects of emotion regulation is still worth discussing. This purpose of this study is to investigate the relations of Borderline Personality tendency and adult attachment of nonclinical individuals in their early adulthood, as well as those two variables’ influence and other variables on the emotion regulation.
The study which is based on questionnaire survey obtained 500 people from the colleges of Northern Taiwan. The results showed that (1)Men have better emotion awareness, reflection and efficiency than women. Elders report better emotion awarenss. There’s no difference on emotion regulation due to different structure of the familes, nor is the difference on adult attachment due to the absence of stressful events as well. People with spouse are more likely to have secure adult attachment than people who don’t, and the insecure adult attachemnt is not affected by the status of relashionship. (2) Borderline personality trait is related to insecure adult attachment, yet there is no significant difference between Borderline personality trait and secure adult attachment. (3) Borderline personality can predict negative emotion efficiency in men, negative emotion regulation strategies, reflection and efficiency in women , and finally predict positive emotion expression in both men and women samples significantly. Most importantly of all, insecure adult attachment is proved to be the mediator of Borderline personality effect to emotion expression and efficiency in women.
Key Words：borderline personality trait、adult attachment、emotion regulation

目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 問題背景與研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第三節 重要名詞釋義 5

第二章 文獻探討 6
第一節 情緒調節能力 6
第二節 成人依戀 16
第三節 邊緣型人格特質傾向 29
第四節 成人依戀、邊緣型人格特質傾向與情緒調節能力之關係 38

第三章 研究方法 42
第一節 研究架構與假設 42
第二節 正式研究 44

第四章 正式研究結果分析 48

第五章 討論與建議 73
第一節 研究結果與討論 69
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向 74

參考文獻 77
附錄一 研究工具同意書
附錄二 正式研究問卷

表目錄
表2-1 成人依戀相關測量工具 22
表2-2 邊緣型人格特質相關測量工具 35
表3-2 研究假設與研究方法對照表 47
表4-1 正式樣本之基本資料-受試者之性別與年齡分佈 48
表4-2 正式樣本之基本資料-年齡分佈 48
表4-3 正式樣本之基本資料-就讀學系分佈 49
表4-4 正式樣本之基本資料-受試者之健康狀況分佈 49
表4-5 正式樣本之基本資料-受試者之家庭結構、重大事件、伴侶狀態分佈 49
表4-6性別在情緒調節能力上之差異分析 50
表4-7年齡在情緒調節能力上之差異分析 51
表4-8年齡在成人依戀上之差異分析 51
表4-9家庭結構在情緒調節能力上之差異分析 52
表4-10健康狀況在情緒調節能力上之差異分析 52
表4-11壓力事件在情緒調節能力上之差異分析 53
表4-12伴侶狀態在成人依戀上之差異分析 53
表4-13邊緣型人格特質傾向-性別與高低分組之描述統計 54
表4-14研究變項之點二相關 55
表4-15研究變項之淨相關分析 56
表4-16階層迴歸各區組模型摘要(以情緒調節能力中之情緒效能為依變項) 59
表4-17邊緣型人格特質傾向對情緒調節能力之迴歸分析(男性樣本) 61
表4-18邊緣型人格特質傾向對不安全型成人依戀之迴歸分析(男性樣本) 61
表4-19不安全型成人依戀對情緒調節能力之迴歸分析(男性樣本) 62
表4-20邊緣型人格特質傾向、不安全型成人依戀對情緒調節能力之迴歸分析(男性樣本) 62
表4-21邊緣型人格特質傾向對情緒調節能力之迴歸分析(女性樣本) 63
表4-22邊緣型人格特質傾向對不安全型成人依戀之迴歸分析(女性樣本) 63
表4-23不安全型成人依戀對情緒調節能力之迴歸分析(女性樣本) 64
表4-24邊緣型人格特質傾向、不安全型成人依戀對情緒調節能力之迴歸分析(女性樣本) 64
表4-25研究假設與研究結果整理 67

圖目錄
圖3-1 正式研究架構圖 42
圖4-1中介效果驗證模式圖(以整體情緒調節能力為依變項) 62
圖4-2中介效果驗證模式圖(以情緒表達為依變項) 65
圖4-3中介效果驗證模式圖(以情緒效能為依變項) 66

參考文獻
中文部分
孔繁鐘, & 孔繁錦. (2000). DSM-IV 精神疾病診斷準則手冊. 台北: 合記。
文永沁(2006)。低成就學生的情緒調節對學業情緒與偏差行為的影響。台北：國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
王春展(2004)。台灣地區大學生情緒智慧, 憂鬱傾向與情緒調整策略之研究. 嘉南學報, 30, 443-460。
王振宏、郭德俊(2003)。Gross 情緒調節過程與策略研究述評。心理科學進展，11(6), 629-634。
王慶福(1995)。大學生愛情關係徑路模式之分析研究. 國立彰化師範大學 輔導學系 博士論文。
王慶福、林幸台、張德榮(1997)。人際依附風格、性別角色取向與人際親密能力之評量。中國測驗學會測驗年刊，四十四輯，(2)，63-78。
白嘉玲（2009）。不同背景變項的單身成人依附風格、宗教認同態度和人際親密能力之關係研究。台北：國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職進修碩士論文。
江文慈(2000)。情緒調整模式的驗證與分析。世新大學人文社會學報：117-146。
江文慈. (1999). 情緒調整的發展軌跡與模式建構之研究. 台北: 國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文 (未出版).
江文慈. (1999). 情緒調整的發展軌跡與模式建構之研究. 台北: 國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文 (未出版).
余君庭(2011)。大學生情緒低落者正向與負向情緒調適之探討。台北：私立中原大學心理系研究所論文。
李澄賢(2003)。大學生的情緒調節, 調節焦點, 樂觀與創造力之關係。台北：國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
林佳玲(2000)。夫妻依附風格; 衝突因應策略與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。臺北: 國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
林明傑, 簡蕾如, 蔡宗晃, & 王家駿. (2007). 有無邊緣型人格傾向之男性婚姻暴力加害人在暴力行為嚴重性之比較. 亞洲家庭暴力與性侵害期刊, 3(1), 27-55。
林曉詩（2006）。子女氣質、母親後設情緒理念與子女依附傾向的相關性研究。天主教輔仁大學兒童與家庭學系碩士論文。
唐子俊, 唐慧芳、李珣(譯) (民92). 失序的人格: 人格疾患的評估與治療。(原作者：David J. Robinson)。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
孫頌賢, & 修慧蘭. (2007). 成人依附的測量: 成人世界中不同依附對象的測量差異與關連. 中華心理衛生學刊, 20(1), 31-51.
孫頌賢, & 修慧蘭. (2007). 成人依附的測量: 成人世界中不同依附對象的測量差異與關連. 中華心理衛生學刊, 20(1), 31-51.
張美惠(譯)(1998)。EQ (原作者：Daniel Goleman)。台北市：時報文化。(原著出版年：1996)
張詩吟（2005）。依附型態與邊緣型人格向度相關之研究：兼論依附與自信及信任之關係。國立中正大學碩士論文。未出版，嘉義縣。
梁恩慈(2009)。大學生之社會支持、情緒調節與生活壓力之相關研究。臺北市立教育大學心理與諮商學系碩士班碩士論文。
陳金定, & 劉焜輝. (2003). 青少年依附行為與情緒調適能力之因果模式初探.
曾瓊慧(2004)。大學生的演說焦慮與情緒調節、幽默感、創造力、職業選擇之關係。台北：國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
黃于娟(1994)。性別, 依附風格與自我坦露, 幽默, 撒嬌之關係。台北：國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
黃宗堅, 謝雨生, 周玉慧(2004)。 家人關係的測量與分類: 以青少年原生家庭成員互動為例. 中華心理學刊, 46(4), 307-328。
黃淑滿, 周麗端, & 葉明芬. (2008). 依附與其相關因素之後設分析--臺灣近二十年文獻的研究.
黃淑滿、葉明芬(2007)。二十年來台灣研究中子女對父親依附關係之後設分析. 幼教研究彙刊, 1(1), 130-146.
黃鈴喬(2002)。從依附觀點看家庭性侵害及其輔導方式。諮商與輔導學報，203期，2-7。
黃韞臻、林淑惠(2009)。大學生的生活壓力與身心健康之研究-以中部五所大學爲例. 國立虎尾科技大學學報, 28(1), 41-56.
葉光輝, 鄭欣佩, & 楊永瑞. (2005). 母親的後設情緒理念對國小子女依附傾向的影. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 181-195.
葉光輝、鄭欣佩、楊永瑞（民94）。母親的後設情緒理念對國小子女依附傾向的影響。中華心理學刊，47，181-195。
潘威富(2004)。探討影響情緒調節歷程與結果之因素. 高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所學位論文, (2004 年).
蔣雅琳、呂翠夏(2005)。父母的後設情緒理念對幼兒情緒調節能力的影響. 台南: 國立台南大學幼兒教育學系碩士論文。
蘇建文, & 黃迺毓. (1993). 幼兒與母親間依附關係與其學校社會能力表現之研究. 教育心理學報, (26), 23-51.
蘇建文、龔美娟(1994)。母親的依附經驗, 教養方式與學前兒童依附關係之相關研究。教育心理學報，(27)，1-33。

英文部分
Acock, A. C., Day, R. D., & Bolkan, C. R. (2002). Youth Problem Behavior and Their Perception of Parental Behavior: Do Perceptions of Fathers' Count. InInternational Conference on Allocation of Social and Family Resources in Changing Societies. ISSP, Academia Sinica, Tapei.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., & Waters, E. WALL. s.(1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation.
Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American psychologist,44(4), 709.
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal relationships, 7(2), 147-178.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226.
Bartholomew, K., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment. Attachment theory and close relationships, 25-45.
Berlin, L. J., & Cassidy, J. (2001). Enhancing early child-parent relationships: Implications of adult attachment research. Infants & Young Children, 14(2), 64-76.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger. In Attachment and Loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger (pp. 1-429). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
Brenner, E. M., & Salovey, P. (1997). Emotion regulation during childhood: Developmental, interpersonal, and individual considerations. Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications, 168-195.
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2‐3), 228-249.
Catanzaro, S. J. (1993). Mood regulation expectancies, anxiety sensitivity, and emotional distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(2), 327.
Chen, X., Liu, M., Li, B., Cen, G., Chen, H., & Wang, L. (2000). Maternal authoritative and authoritarian attitudes and mother–child interactions and relationships in urban China. International Journal of Behavioral Development,24(1), 119-126.
Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. D. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2‐3), 73-102.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(4), 644.
Collins, N., & Read, S.J. (1994). Cognitive representations of attachment: The structure and function of working models. In D. Perlman & K. Bartholomew (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 5, pp. 53–90). London: Jessica Kingsley.
Duemmler, S. L., & Kobak, R. (2001). The development of commitment and attachment in dating relationships: Attachment security as relationship construct. Journal of adolescence, 24(3), 401-415.
Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2001). Predictors of caregiving in adult intimate relationships: An attachment theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(6), 972.
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 78(2), 350.
Garber, J., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.). (1991). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation. Cambridge University Press.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual differences, 30(8), 1311-1327.
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268.
Gratz KL, Roemer L.(2008). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among female undergraduate students at an urban commuter university. Cognitive Behavior Therapy. 2008;37(1):14-25.
Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current directions in psychological science, 10(6), 214-219.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology,64(6), 970.
Hankin, B. L., Kassel, J. D., & Abela, J. R. (2005). Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: Prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 136-151.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological inquiry, 5(1), 1-22.
Hazan, C., Zeifman, D., & Middleton, K. (1994). Adult romantic attachment, affection, and sex. In 7th International Conference on Personal Relationships, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Herpertz, S., Gretzer, A., Steinmeyer, E. M., Muehlbauer, V., Schuerkens, A., & Sass, H. (1997). Affective instability and impulsivity in personality disorder. Results of an experimental study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 44(1), 31-38.
Iwaniec, D., & Sneddon, H. (2001). Attachment style in adults who failed to thrive as children: outcomes of a 20 year follow-up study of factors influencing maintenance or change in attachment style. British Journal of social work, 31(2), 179-195.
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of personality, 72(6), 1301-1334.
Johnson, S. M., & Whiffen, V. E. (Eds.). (2005). Attachment processes in couple and family therapy. Guilford Press.
Kreisman, J. J., & Straus, H. (2010). I hate you--don't leave me: Understanding the borderline personality. Perigee Books.
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. The lancet, 360(9339), 1083-1088.
Labouvie-Vief, G., DeVoe, M., & Bulka, D. (1989). Speaking about feelings: conceptions of emotion across the life span. Psychology and aging, 4(4), 425.
Larsen, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 129-141.
Lazarus, R. S. (2000). Evolution of a model of stress, coping, and discrete emotions. Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice, 195-222.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Dialectical behavior therapy for treatment of borderline personality disorder: implications for the treatment of substance abuse. NIDA research monograph, 137, 201-201.
Main, M. (1991). Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) models of attachment. Attachment across the life cycle, 127-159.
Main, M. (1993). Discourse, prediction, and recent studies in attachment: Implications for psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 41, 209-244.
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention, 1, 121-160.
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for research in Child Development, 66-104.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1995). Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. Applied and preventive psychology, 4(3), 197-208.
McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(2), 143-162.
Mickelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(5), 1092.
Milne, L. C., & Lancaster, S. (2001). Predictors of depression in female adolescents. Adolescence, 36(142), 207-23.
Obegi, J., & Berant, E. (Eds.). (2010). Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults. Guilford Press.
Paris, J., Zelkowitz, P., CUZDER, J., Joseph, S., & Feldman, R. (1999). Neuropsychological factors associated with borderline pathology in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(6), 770-774.
Pinsof, W. M. (1992). Toward a scientific paradigm for family psychology: The integrative process systems perspective. Journal of Family Psychology; Journal of Family Psychology, 5(3-4), 432.
Saarni, C. (1997). Emotional competence and self-regulation in childhood.Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications, 35-66.
Saarni, C., Mumme, D. L., & Campos, J. J. (1998). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding.
Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1988). A biased overview of the study of love. Journal of Social and Personal relationships, 5(4), 473-501.
Stone, M. H. (1990). The fate of borderline patients: Successful outcome and psychiatric practice. Guilford Press.
Thompson, R. A. (1991). Emotional regulation and emotional development. Educational Psychology Review, 3(4), 269-307.
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 59(2‐3), 25-52.
Trull, T. J., Sher, K. J., Minks-Brown, C., Durbin, J., & Burr, R. (2000). Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: a review and integration. Clinical psychology review, 20(2), 235-253.
Tzeng, H. J. (2007). The Relationships of Coping Behaviors with Bereavement, Attachment Styles, and Anticipatory Mourning Reactions among Families of Terminal Cancer Patients in Kaoshiung Hospice.
Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: a twenty‐year longitudinal study. Child development, 71(3), 684-689.
Weiss, R. S. (1994). Is the attachment system of adults a development of Bowlby's attachment system of childhood? Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 65-67.
Westen, D., Muderrisoglu, S., Fowler, C., Shedler, J., & Koren, D. (1997). Affect regulation and affective experience: Individual differences, group differences, and measurement using a Q-sort procedure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(3), 429.
Winfield, I., George, L. K., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G. (1990). Sexual assault and psychiatric disorders among a community sample of women. American Jounal of Psychiatry, 147(3), 335-341.
Zeman, J., & Garber, J. (1996). Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: It depends on who is watching. Child development, 67(3), 957-973.