臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

馬來西亞是東南亞的一個多種族國家,在歷經了殖民統治與爭取獨立的過
程之後,馬來西亞國內卻依舊存在一個長期隱憂的問題---即馬來人與華人
彼此之間的種族衝突,這是馬來半島居民政治經濟生活中的一個無法忽略
的現象。英國殖民政府時期,種族主義是英國殖民統治者分而治之馬來亞
的策略主幹,殖民政府當局制定種種法律和政策以隔離各個民族,因此,自
英國殖民政權建立以來,馬來亞華人與馬來人處於兩極化地位始成為重要
的問題。由於在英國殖民政府期間,華人與馬來人的統治精英達成一項協
議,即馬來人在政治上有其主導性,而華人在經濟上具有主導力量,但是強
調馬來人是統治者的聲明。此一協議雖然使得馬來人與華人在不同的結構
下佔有優勢地位,卻埋下往後馬來西亞種族衝突的根源。「聯盟」政府執
政後,「巫統」一直是最主要的執政黨,「巫統」及其所掌握的國家政權,
成為馬來西亞政府推行馬來人優先政策最具影響力的保證。再者,由於馬
來西亞的非馬來人口中,華人佔絕大多數,因而馬來人優先優先政策首要乃
是針對華人,此亦是獨立以後,馬來西亞政府對華人族群影響甚鉅的特點。
馬來人長期與華人經濟生活上的差距,再加上執政的「聯盟」在國會選舉
中失利,導致一九六九年「五一三」種族衝突流血事件的爆發,使得馬來西
亞政府對華人的經濟政策產生了決定性的影響。馬來西亞政府於一九七一
年實施為期二十年的「新經濟政策」,馬來西亞政府為了提升馬來人的經
濟地位,藉由國家機關與政府公權力強行界入國家的經濟活動,輔助馬來人
在經濟上的發展並給予優待,同時制定種種有關限制華人在經濟發展上的
政策與法令,侵蝕華人的經濟利益。更要強調的是 ,「新經濟政策」不僅
是一個經濟政策,更涵蓋了政治,社會與教育等層面。種族與文化多元性一
直是馬來西亞社會的特色,「新經濟政策」實施之後,雖然提升馬來人的經
濟地位,卻也引起華人族群的恐懼與不滿,持續性的種族兩極化問題依舊存
在,甚至更為緊張,這是馬來西亞政府未來在制定政策與執行法令時不可忽
略的重要課題。

In this dissertation,I want to take a sketch of the nature of
the colonial administrative state.It suggests the profound
influence of the British colonizers and the ethnic heterogen-
-eity of the Malaysian society in shaping the political patt-
-erns of the Malaysian state at first.Bureaucratic and ethnic
structures were legacies of colonial rule,under which the Bri-
-tish incumbents had been the dominant class for almost half a
century.The state in colonial Malaya was characterized by the
politics of pluralism,in which the coalition of ethnic elites
at best was quasi-consociational. A discussion of the British
administrative legacy in the Malayan economy and a sketch of
the economic characteristics and planning strategies in the
colonial state can serve as a beginning in understanding the
relationship between politics and economic policy in the
post-1970 period.The transition from the colonial economy to
independence during the period under review showed certain
continuities.But at the same time ,it had also produced some
economic changes and had swollen the values of many of the
measurable indices of economic de- -velopment.The pace of
change had not been uniform throughout the period,nor had the
secondary effects of economic expansion been identical.In large
measure,the differences in results were closely related to
contrasts in the political motives and structural patterns in
the period considered.As we will see,economic characteristic
and policies of the period has important significance for the
emergence of the New Economic Policy.It has become one of the
means to sustain Malay poli- -tical power. The New Economic
Policy is simply not just some document of economic reform.To
the Malays it has become a political,eco- -nomic and emotional
thing now.In the post-1990,it is an im- -portant responsibility
for the government authority to make the relationship well
between the Chinese and the Malays in Malaysia.