臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
本研究依據The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety 中自1980 至2004 年間發生於
世界各國合計約160 件隧道火災事故，予以統計、分析後發現，由於隧道之長條
密閉化空間特性，導致發生事故時之傷亡機率超過半數以上，而事故所造成之死
亡、受傷機率大致上差異不大。隧道不論是公路或是鐵路，發生事故之機率大概
是相同的，雖然鐵路隧道發生事故時不論導致傷亡之機率或是造成傷亡之人數皆
大於公路，但公路隧道發生傷亡事故導致死亡之機率卻是遠遠大於鐵路的。
在火災熱釋放率與煙流縱向速度之關係利用FDS 模擬結果得知，30MW 以下
之車種煙流速度小於人員步行速度，因此判斷人員可安全逃生；但超過30MW 的
車種煙流速度大於人員步行速度，對於人員逃生具有危險性。火災熱釋放率與局
限速度之關係依照O. Vauquelin 之實驗參數進行電腦模擬結果得知，在排煙量大於
火災發煙量時，能將濃煙限制在一定範圍內；並可將濃煙局限在4 倍高度（L=4H）
處以及將濃煙局限在鄰近排氣口（L=0）處。此外，在低火災熱釋放率時，模擬之
縱向速度明顯低於O. Vauquelin 之速度；而於高火災熱釋放率時，模擬之速度卻反
而顯著的高於O. Vauquelin 甚多。接著，將模擬獲取之L/H 與U/U0 相關數據，與
O. Vauquelin 實驗中所得到之L/H 與U/U0 關係圖比對，結果顯示模擬之點狀線形
在0.2MW 時與O. Vauquelin 頗為一致；但於10MW 接近L=4H 及L>4H 處卻有偏
離現象，此差異可能係O. Vauquelin 使用之煙霧為冷煙，而FDS 為火場所致。

Abstract
During the period of past 25 years (1980~2004), 160 fire accidents were occurred
in tunnel. The statistics analysis based on these cases showed that the injuring
properbility is over 50%, and the injuring properbility due to fire are almost the same
between road tunnel fire and railway tunnel fire. Although, fire caused more people
injured in railway tunnel than in road tunnel, but the properbility of fire caused death in
the road tunnel is higher than the properbility in railway tunnel.
In this study, the numerical simulations by FDS were performed to investigate the
relationship between smoke velocity and heat release rate, and furthermore the confined
velocity under various fire scenarios were studied.
The simulation results showed that the smoke velocity is less than passenger
walking speed when the heat release rate of fire are less than 30 MW under
non-ventilation situation. That means the passenger could evacuate safety to emergency
cross connections during a 30MW fire occurred in tunnel. On the other hand, the
numerical investigation of confined velocity based on O. Vauquelin’s experiment
conditions showed that the numerical confined velocity of 0.2MW fire are agree well
with O. Vauquelin’s results in L/H- U/U0 diagram, but the numerical confined velocity
of 10MW fire are overestimated than O. Vauquelin’s results. The possible reason might
be the usage of fire source.

目錄
中文摘要........................................................................................................................... i
英文摘要.......................................................................................................................... ii
誌謝................................................................................................................................ iii
目錄................................................................................................................................ iv
表目錄............................................................................................................................. vi
圖目錄............................................................................................................................ vii
一、緒論.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 研究動機................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 隧道通風................................................................................................................ 4
1.3 研究目的.............................................................................................................. 10
1.3.1 隧道煙控設計之目的................................................................................... 13
1.3.2 本論文研究目的........................................................................................... 17
1.4 研究方法.............................................................................................................. 18
1.5 研究流程.............................................................................................................. 19
二、隧道火災歷史回顧................................................................................................ 21
2.1 隧道之特性.......................................................................................................... 21
2.2 隧道火災的歷史回顧.......................................................................................... 24
三、文獻回顧................................................................................................................ 41
3.1 隧道通風與火災之互動關係.............................................................................. 41
3.2 臨界速度與局限速度.......................................................................................... 48
3.2.1 隧道內火災之相關參數............................................................................... 48
3.2.2 臨界速度....................................................................................................... 51
3.2.3 局限速度....................................................................................................... 57
四、電腦數值模擬方法................................................................................................ 63
4.1 隧道氣流之模擬.................................................................................................. 64
v
4.2 數值方法.............................................................................................................. 69
五、模擬結果與討論.................................................................................................... 76
5.1 火災熱釋放率與煙流縱向速度之關係............................................................. 76
5.2 火災熱釋放率與局限速度之關係..................................................................... 82
5.3 結論..................................................................................................................... 92
參考文獻........................................................................................................................ 94
vi
表目錄
表1- 1 2005 年公路隧道排名...................................................................................... 1
表2- 1 隧道相異於一般開放空間之獨特性質......................................................... 21
表2- 2 2004 年-1980 年間隧道火災爆炸意外事故案例概述................................. 25
表2- 3 1980 年-2004 年間隧道火災爆炸意外事件統計表..................................... 38
表2- 4 1980 年-2004 年間隧道火災爆炸意外事故各分項間之相對百分比......... 39
表5- 1 隧道火災規模................................................................................................. 77
表5- 2 出口寬度與人員步行速度之關係................................................................. 79
表5- 3 模擬火源與排氣量之設定............................................................................. 83
表5- 4 局限速度(m/s)之模擬比較............................................................................ 85
表5- 5 局限速度之模擬結果..................................................................................... 86
表5- 6 模擬火源與排煙量之設定............................................................................. 87
表5- 7 局限速度(m/s)之模擬比較............................................................................ 91
表5- 8 模擬所得之L/H 與U/U0 相關數據.............................................................. 91
vii
圖目錄
圖1-1 隧道內縱向通風之配置方式............................................................................ 5
圖1-2 澳洲雪梨過港隧道之通風系統配置圖............................................................ 9
圖1-3 縱向、全橫向及半橫向供氣之通風系統配置圖.......................................... 12
圖1-4 研究流程.......................................................................................................... 20
圖3-1 CFD 數位程式電腦模擬火場配置圖............................................................. 41
圖3-2 熱釋放率20MW 於不同通風系統、通風速度之電腦模擬圖.................... 42
圖3-3 強制通風導致火焰偏斜示意圖...................................................................... 44
圖3-4 隧道內火災可量化之半經驗評估模式.......................................................... 50
圖3-5 與PIARC 比對之庚烷池火直徑、煙體積流率、總熱釋放率關係圖........ 50
圖3-6 模型隧道火場配置與斷面圖.......................................................................... 51
圖3-7 無因次臨界速度對照無因次熱釋放率變化圖.............................................. 53
圖3-8 模型隧道火場配置與各斷面圖...................................................................... 54
圖3-9 (a)為以隧道高度作特徵長度(b)為以隧道水力高度作特徵長度，實線（－）
為CFD 模擬結果............................................................................................ 55
圖3-10 (a)為實驗結果與三個大規模隧道火災試驗計畫數據對照(b)為實驗結果與
CFD 模擬數據對照........................................................................................ 55
圖3-11 縮小模型實驗火災之煙霧流場配置圖.......................................................... 56
圖3-12 以隧道坡度為函數之臨界速度...................................................................... 57
圖3-13 公路隧道火災電腦模擬火場配置圖.............................................................. 58
圖3-14 縮小模型實驗火災之煙霧流場配置圖.......................................................... 59
圖3-15 在不同熱釋放率以相對抽排體積流率為函數之雙風管效率...................... 60
圖3-16 縮小模型實驗火災之煙霧流場配置圖.......................................................... 61
圖3-17 以誘發縱向速度為函數之逆流長度發展...................................................... 62
圖4-1 模型實驗火場配置圖...................................................................................... 67
圖5-1 模擬隧道之幾何示意圖.................................................................................. 76
圖5-2 火災熱釋放率為20MW 之天花板噴流之瞬間溫度分佈............................ 78
viii
圖5-3 火災熱釋放率為20MW 之天花板噴流之瞬間速度分佈............................ 79
圖5-4 火災熱釋放率為20MW 之濃煙流動距離.................................................... 80
圖5-5 火災熱釋放率為20MW 之煙層高度............................................................ 80
圖5-6 不同熱釋放率之煙流速度與人員步行速度之比較...................................... 81
圖5-7 局限速度模擬隧道示意圖.............................................................................. 82
圖5-8 火災熱釋放率為0.2MW 之煙流模擬結果................................................... 84
圖5-9 火災熱釋放率為1MW 之煙流模擬結果...................................................... 84
圖5-10 火災熱釋放率為2MW 之煙流模擬結果...................................................... 84
圖5-11 火災熱釋放率為4MW 之煙流模擬結果....................................................... 85
圖5-12 火災熱釋放率為10MW 之煙流模擬結果.................................................... 85
圖5-13 熱釋放率與煙層高度之比較.......................................................................... 86
圖5-14 火災熱釋放率為0.2MW、排煙量為15m3/s 時之煙流模擬結果............... 87
圖5-15 火災熱釋放率為0.2MW、排煙量為24m3/s 時之煙流模擬結果............... 88
圖5-16 火災熱釋放率為0.2MW、排煙量為30m3/s 時之煙流模擬結果............... 88
圖5-17 火災熱釋放率為0.2MW、排煙量為40m3/s 時之煙流模擬結果............... 88
圖5-18 火災熱釋放率為10MW、排煙量為100m3/s 時之煙流模擬結果.............. 89
圖5-19 火災熱釋放率為10MW、排煙量為140m3/s 時之煙流模擬結果.............. 89
圖5-20 火災熱釋放率為10MW、排煙量為200m3/s 時之煙流模擬結果.............. 90
圖5-21 火災熱釋放率為10MW、排煙量為250m3/s 時之煙流模擬結果.............. 90
圖5-22 模擬結果與O. Vauquelin 之L/H 與U/U0 關係圖比較................................ 92

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