臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要在探討影響準父母孕期親子聯結相關因素之比較。探討重點為：（一）準父母在孕期親子聯結上的差異情形；（二）準父母社會人口學變項對孕期親子聯結的預測情形；（三）準父母懷孕相關變項對孕期親子聯結的預測情形；（四）準父母社會支持對孕期親子聯結的預測情形。
研究樣本為大台北地區第二、三孕期的待產夫婦，共計準爸爸94位，準媽媽287位，以問卷調查法進行資料收集。研究結果顯示準父母在孕期親子聯結上，懷孕中期時，雙方確實存在著顯著差異，但到了懷孕後期彼此間的差異性也漸趨減緩。
在社會人口學變項（年齡、教育程度）、懷孕相關變項（胎次、胎兒性別、懷孕動機）與準父母孕期親子聯結的關係中，研究結果顯示準爸爸的部分，在胎兒性別變項上發現性別為女胎的準爸爸，在懷孕後期的孕期親子聯結表現上較性別為男胎者佳。準媽媽的部分則在年齡變項上，發現在懷孕後期時年齡較小的準媽媽在孕期親子聯結的表現上將優於年齡較大者。其餘變項則無影響。
另外在社會支持來源（配偶、配偶父母、自己父母）預測孕期親子聯結的情形上，結果顯示準爸爸部分，在懷孕中期時，「自己父母支持」可有效預測此時孕期親子聯結的變化。懷孕後期時，則改變為「配偶支持」、「配偶父母支持」可有效預測此時孕期親子聯結的發展。準媽媽部分，結果顯示在懷孕中期時，「配偶支持」、「配偶父母支持」可有效預測此時孕期親子聯結的表現。懷孕後期時，則改變為「自己父母支持」可有效預測此時孕期親子聯結的變化。
本研究的重要結果如上，由於孕期親子聯結的發展隨著孕期的進展而逐漸變化，因此我們可在懷孕期間即針對孕期親子聯結的發展加以追蹤，以及早發現親子關係危機的高危險群。此外，在本研究的結果中也發現「配偶父母」及「自己父母」支持，在孕期親子聯結發展過程中也有著一定的影響力，這在往後親子關係的發展上也是我們不得不重視的。本研究希望此次針對孕期親子聯結的探討，能使我們對於產前親子依附關係的發展更加清楚，並對後續的相關研究有所幫助。
關鍵字：孕期親子聯結、親子依附、社會支持

The purposes of the study were comparing the paternal-fetal and maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy,and predicting paternal-fetal and maternal-fetal attachment by the related factors .Data was collected by the method of survey.The sample consisted of 287 pregnant women and 94 of them husband were included. The main findings are as follows：
Significant differences between paternal-fetal and maternal-fetal attachment were found during the second trimester. However, the differences diminished in the third trimester.The maternal-fetal attachment of younger women were significantly stronger than that of older women during their third trimester.The results of using variables related to pregnancy（parity、fetal gender、pregnant motivation）to predict paternal-fetal attachment are that the fathers with female fetus had better attachment than those with male fetus, in the third trimester. None of the variables related to pregnancy has influence on the maternal-fetal attachment.
The results of using the sources of social support（spouse、parents-in-law、parents）to predict paternal-fetal attachment are that the supports from parents significantly predict it during the second trimester.In the third trimester,the supports from spouse and parents-in-law significantly predict the paternal-fetal attachment.As for maternal-fetal attachment,the supports from spouse ,parents-in-law,and parents significantly predict it during the second trimester. In the third trimester,the supports from parents significantly predict it.
Based on the results,it was suggested following up the prenatal attachment can prevent the problem during pregnancy.And we also should emphasize the importance of the social support from parents and and parents-in-law.Because the supports from them really can influence the development of prenatal attachment .
Finally,I hope this study can help us to understand the prenatal attachment, and give some suggestion for the further research .
Key words：
prenatal attachment；paternal-fetal attachment；maternal-fetal attachment；social support

第一章　緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
第一節 孕期親子聯結 4
第二節 影響孕期親子聯結的相關因素 8
第三章 研究方法 12
第一節 研究假設 12
第二節 研究架構 13
第三節 抽樣方式及研究對象 13
第三節 抽樣方式及研究對象 14
第四節 研究工具 15
第五節 研究程序 19
第六節 資料處理 20
第四章 研究結果 21
第一節 研究對象之基本資料分析 21
第二節 準父母在孕期親子聯結的差異性分析 24
第三節 準父母之社會人口學變項、懷孕相關變項、社會支持與
孕期親子聯結之相關及迴歸分析 27
第五章 討論 36
第一節 準父母在孕期親子聯結之差異情形探討 36
第二節 準父母社會人口學變項、懷孕相關變項與孕期親子聯結之關係探討 37
第三節 準父母社會支持與孕期親子聯結之關係探討 40
第六章 結論與建議 43
第一節 結論 43
第二節 建議 44
第三節 研究限制 46
參考文獻 47
一、中文部分 47
二、英文部分 48
附錄一 準爸爸正式問卷 54
附錄二 準媽媽正式問卷 59
圖表目錄
圖3-2-1 研究架構 13
表3-3-1 有效樣本人數分配 14
表3-4-1 準爸爸及準媽媽孕期親子聯結量表Cronbach α係數 16
表3-4-2 準爸爸社會支持量表Cronbach α係數 18
表3-4-3 準媽媽社會支持量表Cronbach α係數 18
表4-1-1研究對象的基本屬性 23
表4-2-1 準爸爸及準媽媽孕期親子聯結各量表之獨立樣本T檢定 26
表4-2-2 準爸爸及準媽媽孕期親子聯結各量表之成對樣本T檢定 26
表4-3-1第二孕期準爸爸社會人口學變項、社會支持與孕期親子聯結之
相關矩陣 30
表4-3-2第三孕期準爸爸社會人口學變項、社會支持與孕期親子聯結之
相關矩陣 31
表4-3-3第二孕期準媽媽社會人口學變項、社會支持與孕期親子聯結之
相關矩陣 32
表4-3-4第三孕期準媽媽社會人口學變項、社會支持與孕期親子聯結之
相關矩陣 33
表4-3-5第二孕期準父母社會人口學變項、懷孕相關變項、社會支持對
孕期親子聯結之複迴歸分析摘要表 34
表4-3-6第三孕期準父母社會人口學變項、懷孕相關變項、社會支持對
孕期親子聯結之複迴歸分析摘要表 35

參考文獻
一、中文部分
李從業（1994），正常和曾有不孕病史的懷孕婦女親子連結之比較。護理研究，2（1），66-77。
林瑞發（1998），兒童虐待與少年犯罪的系統整合研究。社區發展季刊，81，197-205。
洪志秀（2001），產後壓力概念之分析 。護理雜誌，6（48），69-76。
洪志秀（2001），婦女再不同坐月子地點和時段之產後壓力及社會支持程度。公共衛生，3（28），241-252。
高迪理（1991），社會支持體系概念之架構探討。社區發展，54，24-32。
許貂琳（1996），第三孕期孕婦的壓力與孕期親子連結之探討。私立高雄醫學院護理學研究所碩士論文。
許德耀（2003），台灣寶寶．外籍媽咪優生面面觀。媽咪寶貝流行通，7，28-30。
陳秀蘭（2001），孕婦早年依附關係、婚姻品質與孕期親子聯結之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳貞蓉 (2000)，比較不孕後懷孕與自然懷孕之產前及產後親子依附及其相關探討。私立中山醫學院醫學研究所護理組碩士論文。
陳素瑩（1995），第三孕期懷孕婦女親子連結行為及其影響因素之探討。德育學報，11，45-59。
陳淑芬（1996），產後初期父子依戀行為及其相關因素的探討。國立國防醫學院護理研究所碩士論文。
陳雅媺（2001），二度就業婦女的家庭壓力與社會支持系統之研究。私立東吳大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。
陳德人、毛家舲（1999），認識兒童虐待。台灣醫界，42（7），514-516。
陳麗芳、李從業、朱大維、盧文欽（2000），第三妊娠期孕婦之生產期望。醫學研究，20（9），488-495。
黃慧琪（1999），孕婦身體心像和孕期親子聯結對選擇哺餵母乳的影響。私立高雄醫學院護理學研究所碩士論文。
覃尹琳（2000），青少年孕婦自我照顧行為及其相關因素之探討。私立高雄醫學大學護理學研究所碩士論文。
楊素珍（1999），產後期父親對哺餵母乳的態度、父子依附及婚姻調適之相關性探討。私立高雄醫學院護理學研究所碩士論文。
鄭博仁（1999），胎兒性別我決定。遠流出版社。
廖珍娟（1988），早期親子依戀情感之增進。護理雜誌，35（3），23-30。
蔡秀美、陳彰惠（1997），準父親的身體化症狀、壓力與社會支持。護理研究，5（5），439-451。
盧碧瑛（1997），妊娠期婦女之護理。台北：遠大出版社。
二、英文部分
Antle,K.（1975）.Psychological involovement in pregnancy by expectant fathers.JOGNN,4（2）,40-42.
Baker,D.,＆Taylor,H.（1997）.The relationship between condition-specific morbidity,social support and deprivation in pregnancy and early motherhood.Social Science＆Medicine,45（9）,1325-1336.
Bansen,S.S.,＆Stevens,H.A.（1992）.Women,s experiences of miscarriagr in early pregnancy.Journal of nurse-midwifery,37（2）,84-90.
Bernazzani,O.,Saucier,J.F.,David,H.＆Borgeat,F.（1997）.Psychosocial factors related to emotional disturbance during pregnancy.Journal of Psychosomatic Research,42（4）,391-402.
Best,E.K.（1981）. Grief in response tio prenatal loss：An argument for the earliest maternal attachment.Dissertation abstracts international,42（6）,2560b
Bothamley,J.（1990）.Are fathers getting a fair deal？Nursing Time,86（36）,68-69.
Bowlby,J（1969）. Attachment and loss；Vol：Attachment.（2nd）New york：Basic book.
Bowlby,J.（1988）. The role of attachment in personality development.In J.Bowlby（Ed.）,A secure base：Parent-child attachment and healthy human development.New york：Basic Book.
Bowlby,J.（1988）. Develoopment psychology comes of age.The American Journal of Psychiatry,145,1-10.
Brown,M.A.（1986）.Social support,stress,and health：A comparison of expectant mothers and fathers.Nursing Research,35（2）,72-76.
Brown,G.W.（1974）.Meaning,measurement and stress of life events.In Dohrenwend,B.P.（Eds.）,Stressful Life Events：Their Nature and Effects,313-332.New York：John Wily＆Sons.
Brown,S.M.,＆Miller,B.C.（1980）.Paternal attachment behaviors as related to presence at delivery and preparenthood classes：A pilot study.Nursing Research,29（5）,307-311.
Caplan,G.（1974）.Support system and community mental health：Lecture on concept development.New York：Basic Books.
Coleman,D.（1993）.Leisure based social support,leisure dispositions and health.Journal of Leisure Research,25,350-361.
Condon,J.T.（1986）.The spectrum of fetal abuse in pregnancvy women.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,174,509-515.
Cranley,M.S.（1981）. Development of a tool for the measurement of maternal attachment during pregnancy.Nursing research,30,281-284.
Cranley,M.S.（1993）.The origins of the mother-child relationship-a review.Physical＆Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics,12,39-51.
Deutsch,H.（1945）.The psychology of women（Vol.2）.London：Grune ＆Straton.
Egeland,B.,＆Farber,E.A.（1984）.Infant-mother attachment：Factors related to its development and changes over time.Child Development,55,753-771.
Erikson,E.H.（1972）.Eight ages of man.In C.S.Lavatelli＆F.Stendler（eds.）,Readings in child behavior and child development.San Diego,C.A.：Harcourt Brace Jovanvich.
Fuller,J.R.（1990）.Early patterns of maternal attachment.Health care for women international,11,433-446.
Grace,J.T.（1984）. Does a mother’s knowledge of fetal gender affect attachment？The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing,9,42-45.
Grace,J.T.（1989）. Development of maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy.Nursing Rsearch,38（4）,228-232.
Hauck,M.P.（1986）.The development of parents’ attachment to their firstborn infants：Correlates,sex difference,change over time ,and highly vs. ambivalently attached parents.Chicago University.DAO NO.AAT 8708672.
Heidrich,S.M＆Cranley,M.S.（1989）. Effect of fetal movement,ultrasound scans,and amniocentesis on maternal-fetal attachment.Nursing Research,38,81-84.
Heller,K.,Price,R.H.,＆Hogg,J.R.（1990）.The role of social support in community and clinical interventions.In B.R.Sarason,I.G.Sarason＆G.R.Pierce（Eds.）,Social support：An interactional view.New York：John Wiley＆Sans.
Holryod,E.,Lee,Y.K.,Pui-Yuk,L.W.,Kowk-Hong,F.Y.,＆Shuk-Lin,B.L.（1997）.Hong Kong Chinese women’s perception of support from midwives during labour.Midwifery,13（2）,66-72.
Jocobson,D.E.（1986）.Types and timing of social support.Journal of Healthy Behavior,27,250-264.
Jones,C.（1981）.Father to infant attachment：Effects of early contact and characteristics of the infant.Research in Nursing and Health,4（1）,193-200.
Jones,C.,＆Lenz,E.R.（1986）.Father-newborn interaction：Effects of social competence and infant state.Nursing Research,35（3）,149-153.
Jordan,P.L.（1990）.Laboring for relevance：Expectant and new fatherhood.Nursing Research,39,11-16.
Kemp,V.H.,＆Hatmaker,D.D.（1989）.Stress and social support in high-risk pregnancy.Research in Nursing and Health,12,331-336.
Kemp,V.H.,＆Page,C.K.（1987）. Maternal prenatal attachment in normal and high-risk pregnancies.Journal of Obstetric,Gynecologic, amd Neonatal Nuursing,16,179-184.
Kemp,V.H.,＆Page,C.K.（1987）. The psychosocial of a high-risk pregnancy on the family.Journal of Obstetric,Gynecologic,and Neonatal Nursing,15,232-236.
Khazoyan,C.M.,＆Ruth-Anderson,N,L.（1994）.Latinas’ expectations for their partners during childbirth.American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing,19（4）,226-229.
Koniak-Griffin,D.（1988）.The relationship between social support,self-esteem,and maternal-fetal attachment in adolescents.Research in Nursing＆Health,11,269-278.
Lepore,S.J.,Silver,R.C.,Wortman,C.B.,＆Wayment,H.A.（1996）.Social con-straints,intrusive thoughts,and depressive symptoms among bereaved mothers.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70,271-282.
Lundgren,I.,＆Dahlberg,K.（1998）.Women’s experience of pain during childbirth.Midwifery,14,105-110.
May,K.A.（1978）.Active involvement of expectant fathers in pregnancy：some further considerations.JOGNN,7（2）,7-12.
May,K.M.（1992）.Social networks and help-seeking experiences of pregnant teens.JOGNN,21（6）,497-502.
Mercer,R.T.（1986）.Predictors of maternal role attainment at one year postbirthrole attainment at one year postbirth.Western journal of nursing research,8,9-25.
Mecer,R.T.,＆Ferketich,S.L.（1988）.Stress and social support as predictors of anxiety and depression during pregnancy.Advances in Nursing Science,10,26-39.
Mecer,R.T.,＆Ferketich,S.L.（1990）. Predictors of parental attachment during early parenthood.Journal of Advanced Nursing,15,268-280.
Mercer,R.T.,Hackley,K.C.,＆Bostrom,A.G.（1983）.Relationship of psychosocial and perinatal variables to perception of childbirth.Nursing Research,32（4）,202-207.
Muller,M.E.,＆Ferketich,S.（1992）. Assessing the validity of the dimensions of prenatal attachment.Maternal and child Nursing Journal,20（1）,1-10.
Muller,M.E.（1993）. Development of the prenatal attachment inventory.Western Journal of Nursing Research,42,199-215.
Muller,M.E.（1996）. Prenatal and postnatal attachment：Amodest correlation.Journal of Obstetric,Gynecologic,and Neonatal Nursing,25,161-166.
Nichols,M.R.（1995）. Adjustment to new parenthood：attenders versus nonattenders at prenatal education classes.Birth,22（1）,21-26.
Old,S.B.,London,M.,L.,＆Ladewig,P.W.（1992）.Maternal-newborn nursing：A family Centered approach（4th ed.）Redwood City,CA：Addison-Wesley.
Palkovitz,R.（1992）.Change in father-infant bonding beliefs across couples’ first transition to parenthood.Maternal-Child Nursing Journal,20（1）,21-39.
Pollock,P.H.,＆Percy,A.（1999）.Maternal antenatal attachment style and potential fetal abuse.Child Abuse and Neglect,23,134-137.
Rubin,R.（1975）.Maternal tasks in pregnancy.Maternal-Child Nursing Journal,4,143-153.
Sarason,B.R.,Sarason,I.G.,＆Pierce,G.R.（1990）.Traditional view of social support and their impact on assessment.In B.R.Sarason,I.G.Sarason,＆G.R.Pierce.（Eds.）,Social support：An interactional view.New York：John Wiley＆Sans.
Sarason,I.G.,Levine,H.M.,Basham,R.B.＆Sarason,B.R.（1983）.Assessing social support：The Social Support Questionaire.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,44（1）,127-139.
Shelton,B.A.（1992）.Women,Men and Time.London：Greenwood Press.
Siddiqui,A.,＆Hagglof,B.（1999）. An exploration of prenatal attachment in Swedish expectant women.Journal of Reproductive＆Infant Psychology,17,369-381.
Somers-Smith,M.J.（1999）.A place for the partner？Expectations and experiences of support during child-birth.Midwifery,15（2）,101-108.
Starker,J.（1986）.Methodogical and conceptual issues in research on social support.Hospital and Community Psychitry,37（5）,485-490.
Tasch,R.（1952）.The role of the father in the family.Journal of Expertential Education,41,284.
Tony,L.（1983）.The effects of holding the newborn at delivery on paternal bonding.Nursing Research,32,16-18.
Vito,K,O.（1986）. The development of maternal-fetal attachment and the association of selected variables.The Catholic University of American.DAI NO.AAT 8609661.
Waldenstrom,U.,Borg,I.,Olsson,B.,Skold,M.,＆Wall,S.（1996）.The childbirth experience：A study of 295 new mothers.Birth,23（3）,144-153.
Wapner,J.（1976）.The attitudes,feeling and behaviors of expectant fathers attending Lamaze classes.Birth and the Family Journal,3,5-13.
Weaver,R.H.,＆Cranley,M.S.（1983）. An exploration of paternal fetal attachment behavior.Nursing Research,32（2）,68-72.
Zachariah,R.（1994）. Maternal-fetal attachment：Influence of other-daughter and husband-wife relationship.Research in Nursing and Health,17,37-44.