臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

菠菜（Spinacia oleracea L.）為國內普遍種植的蔬菜之一，草酸為菠菜中主要的有機酸，過多的草酸會對營養及口感造成影響。有研究指出，過多的草酸會對植物造成毒害，此時植物中的鈣可與草酸沉澱產生不溶性的草酸鈣，進而避免過量的草酸與鈣毒害植物。本實驗目的在於研究鈣對菠菜中草酸含量及營養生理的影響。
實驗於2003年1月31日到3月19日在台大農化系溫室進行，以水耕的方式種植菠菜，試驗分三種處理，即Ca-0-5﹕先以低鈣養液種植兩週再以高鈣養液種植兩週，Ca-5-0﹕先以高鈣養液種植兩週再以低鈣養液種植兩週，Ca-5-5﹕以高鈣養液種植四週。每處理四重複﹔採收後將菠菜葉片由老葉至新葉依序分為四、三、二、一，四種葉年齡組。各組之葉片並分成兩部分，一部份做新鮮葉片中草酸之萃取，即將葉片打碎以熱水萃取，離心後分析上清液中的草酸及鈣，渣滓再以2N鹽酸萃取，離心後分析上清液中的草酸及鈣﹔另一部份葉片烘乾磨碎，並分析其中的氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵濃度。
實驗結果顯示，菠菜中有很多水溶性草酸，而不溶性草酸相對較少，表示以稀酸能萃取之與鈣結合而形成草酸鈣的草酸並不多。植物新陳代謝生成許多的草酸，為了避免草酸會造成植體內的酸鹼值太低，因此將草酸以離子型態（C2O42-）儲存於液泡當中，液泡中並有鉀離子與草酸離子平衡而使其安定存在於液泡當中，而鈣離子具有促進鉀離子通透液泡的效果（Viets effect），因此植體內必須有鉀及鈣才能維持植體內的酸鹼值而不致死亡，除了將草酸儲存於液泡內，植體還可能令細胞質中的草酸與鈣形成草酸鈣結晶，以減低草酸對植體的毒害。

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is one of the widespread vegetables grown in Taiwan. Oxalic acid is the major organic acid in spinach. Too much oxalate in the spinach can unfavorably affect the nutritional value and taste as food stuff. According to some reports, oxalate is a toxic product for the plant, but can be made harmless by precipitation sparingly calcium oxalate. This investigation is aimed at elucidating the physio-nutritional role of calcium in spinach plant.
Spinach was grown hydroponically in a greenhouse from January, 2003 to March, 2003. Every crop was cultivated for four weeks. There were three experimental treatments: Ca-0-5; First two weeks cultivated with low calcium concentration nutrient solutions, then cultivated with high calcium concentration nutrient solutions for two weeks. Ca-5-0; First two weeks cultivated with high calcium concentration nutrient solutions, then cultivated with low calcium concentration nutrient solutions for two weeks. Ca-5-5 was Cultivated with high calcium concentration nutrient solutions for four weeks. All treatments were quadruplicated. Leaf blade samples were separated according to the developmental order in to 4, 3, 2 and 1, four age groups from old to young. The leaves were separated into two subgroups, either as fresh samples or as dried samples. The fresh leaf blades were homogenized in hot distilled water and centrifuged. The supernatants were used for determination of water soluble oxalate and calcium. Then the pellets were suspended in 2N HCl and kept for 30 minutes with frequent agitation then centrifuged, the supernatants were used for determination of acid extractable oxalate and calcium. The dry leaves were determined for the contents of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron.
The experimental results have shown that, there were more water extractable oxalate in spinach than the acid extractable oxalate, suggesting that there is not so much dilute acid extractable calcium oxalate in spinach leaves. To prevent the unfavorable effect of oxalate in the cytosol of the cells, the dissociated C2O42- ions should be stored in the vacuaole and balance with K+, Ca2+ can promote the permeation of K+ through tonoplast (Viets effect), thus, the ionic species of oxalate, calcium and potassium can be kept in the vacuole. Thus, the cytosol of the plant can survive the toxic effect of oxalate.

目錄 頁次
前言------------------------------------------------ 1
前人研究-------------------------------------------- 3
材料與方法------------------------------------------ 10
結果與討論------------------------------------------ 18
一、不同鈣濃度處理對菠菜生長與產量的影響------------ 18
1. 產量--------------------------------------------- 18
2. 單位面積的葉片鮮重------------------------------- 20
3. 葉片含水量--------------------------------------- 23
二、植體養分組成------------------------------------ 23
1. 總氮濃度----------------------------------------- 23
2. 磷濃度------------------------------------------- 25
3. 鉀濃度------------------------------------------- 28
4. 鈣濃度------------------------------------------- 31
5. 鎂濃度------------------------------------------- 35
6. 鐵濃度------------------------------------------- 35
三、新鮮植體分析結果-------------------------------- 38
頁次
1. 水溶性草酸--------------------------------------- 38
2. 酸溶性草酸--------------------------------------- 41
3. 水溶性鈣----------------------------------------- 45
4. 酸溶性鈣----------------------------------------- 45
5. 水溶性鉀----------------------------------------- 48
四、綜合比較---------------------------------------- 50
結論------------------------------------------------ 53
參考文獻-------------------------------------------- 54

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