臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

禪，發源於印度，後傳至中國及日本，現於世界各地盛行。市面上有許多禪書，也有眾多經典翻譯成英文等語言，更有研究及著作以禪為主題和各領域相融合，但是探討禪宗翻譯的研究及著作相當缺乏，讓筆者深感可惜，故此研究為補足上述缺口，以電影《達摩祖師傳》為例，從功能學派的翻譯理論探究禪宗翻譯（中翻英），並採用諾德的文本分析模式，分析《達摩祖師傳》的中英字幕，以徹底理解原文並批評譯文的不足。筆者更整理出禪宗翻譯時，會面臨的翻譯問題，並提供其解決策略，以供其他譯者在翻譯禪宗文本時，有所參考。
研究結果顯示，禪宗翻譯的問題主要為常模問題 (convention-related problems) 及語言問題 (linguistic problems)。常模問題由文化和宗教差異引起，而語言問題由語言差異引起。為解決這些問題，筆者建議利用功能學派的理論，傳達文本功能為翻譯的首要任務。另外，筆者更敦請譯者務必在翻譯之前研究禪宗各專有名詞及概念和中西文化差異，並用簡單易懂的語言表達禪意，以達到禪宗文本欲傳達的人生智慧。總結而言，此研究希望禪宗翻譯能傳達禪宗的根本—「心」，譯者在翻譯時，也能用「心」體會原文意涵，負起譯者責任，譯出原文功能與本意。

Zen was originated from India and then passed to China and Japan. Now, it has been popular around the world. There are many books relating to Zen on the market and abundant researches investigating Zen from different aspects, but few publications or researches discuss Zen translation. Therefore, this study aims at translating Zen from functionalist approaches of translation. The Chinese and English subtitles of the movie, Master of Zen, were analyzed with Nord’s translation-oriented model for text analysis. A list of translation problems when dealing with Zen was made and a set of solutions were provided with suggested translation as references for future translation practice and research.
Result of this study showed that Zen translation problems are mainly convention-related problems due to cultural and religious differences and linguistic problems due to linguistic differences. To solve these problems, translators are suggested to transmit the functions of texts instead of seeking absolute equivalence. Moreover, it is a must for the translators to have comprehensive understanding of Zen texts and the culture distance, using common language to convey the wisdom of Zen. To conclude, Zen translators are suggested to transmit the essence of Zen — mind, and they should take up their responsibility to apprehend the source text with mind and reproduce the meaning and functions of the source text.

ABSTRACT I
摘要 II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III
LIST OF TABLES VII
LIST OF FIGURES VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IX
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Research Motivation and Purpose 2
1.2.1 Research Questions 4
1.3 Significance of the Study 4
1.4 Structure of the Thesis 5
1.5 Definition of Terms 6
1.6 Zen and Master Bodhidharma 8

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 14
2.1 Functionalist Approaches to Translation 15
2.2 Nord’s Model for Translation-oriented Text Analysis 27
2.3 Previous Researches on Zen Translation 33

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 36
3.1 Data Collection 36
3.1.1 Introduction to the Movie, Master of Zen 36
3.1.2 Transcription 36
3.2 Data Analysis 37
3.2.1 Research Design 37

CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 42
4.1 Text Analysis 42
4.1.1 Skopos 42
4.1.2 Extratexual Factors 43
4.1.3 Intratextual Factors 53
4.1.4 Effects 68
4.2 Translation Problems and the Solutions 69
4.2.1 Pragmatic Translation Problems and Solutions 69
4.2.2 Convention-related Translation Problems and
Solutions 70
4.2.3 Linguistic Translation Problems and Solutions 75
4.2.4 Text-specific Translation Problems and Solutions
76
4.3 Zen Translation Strategies 78

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION 80
5.1 Major Findings of the Study 80
5.2 Implications and Applications of the Study 81
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions 82

REFERENCES 84
APPENDIX I: Transcription of the original English subtitle
of Master of Zen 89
APPENDIX II: Suggested translation 108

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Functional characteristics of text types and
links to translation methods 18
Table 2-2: Distinction among“aim”, “purpose”,
“function” and “intention”22
Table 2-3: Source Text Analysis and Target Text Profile 31
Table 3-1: The Model for Text Analysis 41
Table 4-1: Summaries of Acts 56
Table 4-2: Internal Situation and Its Influence on
Translation 60

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: The Interaction between Extra- and Intratexual
Factors 29
Figure 3-1: Translation Criticism 39
Figure 3-2: Research Process 40

REFERENCES
Bodhidharma. (n.d). Bloodstream of Sermon (Red Pine, Trans.). In Red Pine (Ed.), The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma. New York: North Point Press.
Cai4, R. X. (2002). Art of Zen. Taipei: Wenchin.【蔡日新。（2002）。禪之藝術。台北市：文津。】
Chi4gen1 Xiang2dao4. (1997). Da2mo2 Zu3shi1 De5 Ren2sheng1 Zhi4hui4. Tang2, Z. J.(Ed.), Taipei: Shy Mao.【赤根祥道。（1997）。載於唐君竹（主編），達摩祖師的人生智慧。台北市：世茂。】
Chen, Y. X. (n.d.). Dictionary of Common Buddhist Terms. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://cbs.ntu.edu.tw/dict/cxy/data/%25E5% 25BF%2583.html【陳義孝。（無日期）。佛學常見詞彙。2012年5月30日取自：http://cbs.ntu.edu.tw/dict/cxy/data/%25E5%25BF% 2583.html】
Dai4, Y. X. (2010). Chan2yue4 shi1hun2 — Chan2shi1 fan1yi4 de5 san1ge5 jing4jie4. Shidai Wenxue, 44-46.【戴玉霞。（2010）。禪月詩魂—禪詩翻譯的三個境界。時代文學，頁44-46。】
Feng2, Y. L. (1991). Lun4 chan2zong1. Chan2zong1 De5 Li4shi3 Yu3 Wen2hua4 (pp. 9-20). Taipei: Xin1chao2she4. 【馮友蘭。（1991）。論禪宗，載於禪宗的歷史與文化（頁9-20）。台北市：新潮社。】
Gambier, Y. (2003). Introduction screen transadaption: perception and reception. The Translator, 9(2), 171-189.
Hu2, S. (1995). Hu2shi4 Shuo1 Chan2. In Pan1, P. &; Ming2, L. Z. (Eds.), Taipei: Jiu3yi2.【胡適。（1995）。載於潘平、明立志（主編），胡適說禪。台北市：九儀。】
Hong2, X. P. (1994). Zhong1guo2 chan2xue2 si xiang3shi3. Taipei: Wenjin. 【洪修平。（1994）。中國禪學思想史。台北市：文津。】
Hong Kong Movie Database (n.d.). Brandy Yuen Jan-Yeung. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=　4797&;display_set=big5【香港影庫。（無日期）。袁振洋。2012年7月13日，取自：http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=　4797&;display_set=big5】
Huang2ting2chan2 Association (n.d.). Where Is Mind. New Taipei City: Huang2ting2chan2 Association. Retrieved May 30, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://www.htz.org.tw/htz/htz/heart.htm【黃庭禪學會。（無日期）。心在哪裡。新北市：黃庭禪學會。2012年5月30日，取自：http://www.htz.org.tw/htz/htz/heart.htm】　
Hu, F. (2009). Probing into the Translation Methods of Poems of Dhyana. Journal of Jiangxi Normal University (Social Sciences), 42(1), 153-157.
Jing4 Hui4. (2001, June 18). Ru4chan2zhi1men2 Di4yi1jiang3: Shen2me5shi4chan2?. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from http://www.bailinsi.net/03shc/01csrjqln/ 02zs/001-1.htm【淨慧。（2001）。入禪之門第一講：什麼是禪？。柏林禪寺。2012年2月10日，取自http://www.bailinsi.net/03shc/ 01csrjqln/02zs/001-1.htm】
Jing4 Kong1. (2011, January 6). Why do we need to recite Amitabha? Retrieved August 12, 2012 from http://www.fodizi.net/jingkongfashi/2072.html【淨空。（2011）。為什麼一定要念阿彌陀佛？。佛弟子文庫。2012年8月12日，取自http://www.fodizi.net/jingkongfashi/2072.html】
Jin1, X. M. (2006). Translating Wang, Wei's Poems: Decifering Chinese Zen Culture Research on Education of Shanghai University of Engineering Science (4), 60-64. 【金秀敏。（2006）。王維山水詩：禪文化解讀及其翻譯。上海工程技術大學教育研究（4），60-64。】
Liu, M. Q. (2005). Zhong1xi1 Fan1yi4si1xiang3 Bi3jiao4yan2jiu4. Beijing, China: Translation and Publishing Corporation. 【劉宓慶。（2005）。中西翻譯思想比較研究。北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司。】
Ma, H. J. &; Miao, J. (Ed.). (2009). Selected Reading of Contemporary Western Translation Theories. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications London ; New York: Routledge.
Mind. (n.d.). Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved June 11, 2012 from http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mind
Mind. (2012). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved June 11, 2012 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ mind
Nord, C. (1997). Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome.
Nord, C. (2001). Dealing with Purposes in Intercultural Communication: Some Methodological Considerations. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses(14), 151-166.
Nord, C. (2005). Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didatic Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi.
Nord, C. (2009). A Functional Typology of Translations. In H. J. Ma &; J. Miao (Eds.), Selected Readings of Contemporary Western Translation Theories (pp. 103-129). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Reasearch Press.
Xiu1xing2. (n.d.). Online Dictionary of Buddhist Terms. The Electronic Buddhadharma Society of BAUS. Retrieved July 30, 2012 from http://www.baus-ebs.org/fodict_online/ 【修行。（無日期）。線上佛學辭典。美國佛教會電腦資訊庫功德會。2012年7月30日，取自http://www.baus-ebs.org/fodict_online/】
Pu3, J. (1991). Wu3deng1hui4yuan2. Taipei: Wenchin. 【普濟。（1991）。五燈會元。台北市：文津】
Pym, A. (2010). Exploring Translation Theories. London ; New York Routledge.
Qu1, J. L. (1993). Xiang1gang3 dian4shi4 zi4mu4 fan1yi4 chu1tan4. In J. Z. Liu2 (Ed.), Fanyi4 xin1lun4 ji2. Taipei: The Commercial Press.【區劍龍。(1993)。香港電視字幕翻譯初探。載於劉靖之（主編），翻譯新論集（頁335-346）。台北市：台灣商務。】
Red Pine, trans. (1987). Introduction. The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma. New York: North Point Press.
Reiss, K. (2000). Translation Criticism-- The Potentials and Limitations: Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment (E. F. Rhodes, Trans.). Manchester, England: St. Jerome.
Sach, J., &; Faust, J. (2004). The Everything Zen Book : achieve inner calm and peace of mind through meditation, simple living, and harmony. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media Corp.
Sahn, S. (1997). The Compass of Zen. Boston: Shambhala.
Schaffner, C. (1998). Translation and Quality. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Sheng Yen. (2003). Chan2 De5 Zhi4hui4. Taipei: Dharma Drum.【釋聖嚴。（2003）。禪的智慧。台北市：法鼓文化。】
Sheng Yen. (2004). Preface. In Z. Z. Cai4 (Ed.), Chan2shuo1 (pp. 4-9). Taipei: China Times.【釋聖嚴。（2004）。代序。載於蔡志忠（著），禪說（頁4-9）。台北市：時報。】
Soothill, W. E. &; Hodous, L. (2003). A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms. Retrieved July 30, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://mahajana.net/texts/kopia_lokalna/soothill-hodous.html
Vermeer, H. J. (2000). Skopos and Commision in Translational Action (A. Chesterman, Trans.). In L. Venuti (Ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 227-238). London Routledge.
Yi3 Ran2. (1991). Zhong1guo2 Chan2zong1. Taipei: Xin1chao2she4.【釋以然。（1991）。中國禪宗。台北市：新潮社。】
Zhang, Y. (2008). On Subtitling from the Functionalist Perspective--Based on the English subtitling of The Banquet (Master’s thesis, Huazhong University of Science and Technology). Retrieved from http://www.doc88.com/ p-20724173580.html
Zhang, Y. &; Qi, D. W. (2011). On the translation of dhyana ideology in Wang wei's poems and its comment Journal of Anhui Science and Technology University 25(2), 118-121.