臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究藉由內外在注意焦點指導，於不同距離之工作難度下進行飛鏢投擲，以觀察飛鏢得分與運動學參數之差異。實驗參與者為15名健康、未受過飛鏢訓練之男性大學生，平均年齡為21.73 ± 2.49 歲，採組內設計要求每一位實驗參與者於內外在注意焦點指導下，分別於距離標靶2.37公尺與3.56公尺之位置進行飛鏢投擲。以VICON 3D影像擷取系統收集運動學參數，同時紀錄飛鏢得分。實驗所得之資料以2 (注意焦點)  2 (工作難度) 重複量數二因子變異數分析進行統計考驗，顯著水準訂為α= .05。結果顯示，僅肘關節之動作時間及指關節之最大速度在工作難度與注意焦點間有交互作用，單純主要效果發現，不論是在遠距離或近距離，內在注意焦點之肘關節動作時間皆比外在注意焦點情境長；而不論是內在注意焦點情境或外在注意焦點情境，遠距離之指關節最大速度皆大於近距離。其他的運動學參數，就主要效果發現於遠距離執行飛鏢投擲，其能量消耗比近距離高；且於內在注意焦點情境執行飛鏢投擲，其耗能比外在注意焦點情境高。而飛鏢得分之結果顯示，工作難度與注意焦點間無交互作用存在，主要效果之近距離得分高於遠距離，外在注意焦點情境得分高於內在注意焦點情境。由此可知，工作難度會影響飛鏢投擲之表現，且外在注意焦點不僅能使飛鏢投擲產生較佳成果，所損耗之能量也較少。

This study uses internal and external focus of attention instructions, and dart throwing at different distances as a measure of task difficulty to observe the difference in darts score and kinematics parameters. Study participants were 15 male college students, who were all healthy and have not received darts training, the average age was 21.73 ± 2.49 years. Based on within-subjects design, every participant under both internal and external focus of attention instruction threw darts at target distances of 2.37 meters and 3.56 meters. The kinematic parameters were collected by the VICON 3D Motion Capture System, while the darts score was simultaneously recorded. The resulting data, organized using a 2 (task difficulty)  2 (focus of attention) study design, was statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA, with an alpha level of .05. The results showed that only the elbow’s action time and the finger’s maximum speed have a significant interaction effect with task difficulty and focus of attention. The main factor affecting elbow movement time was focus of attention, with elbow movement time being longer with internal focus of attention than with external focus of attention, regardless of the throwing distance; the main factor affecting the finger’s maximum speed was distance, with maximum speed at 3.56 meters being greater than at 2.37 meters. Exploring the other kinematic parameters found that energy consumption for darts throwing is higher at 3.56 meters than at 2.37 meters; in addition, energy consumption was higher with internal focus of attention than with external focus of attention. Furthermore, the results of the darts scores showed that there was no interaction between task difficulty and focus of attention. However, dart scores were affected by both task difficulty and focus of attention with scores at 2.37 meters being higher than at 3.56 meters and scores with external focus of attention being higher than with internal focus. Based on these results, it is readily seen that task difficulty will affect dart throwing performance, and furthermore, external focus of attention will not only result in better dart scores, but the energy consumption is also less.

目錄

目錄 I
表目錄 III
圖目錄 IV
第壹章　緒論 1
第一節　問題背景 1
第二節　研究問題與假說 6
第三節　研究假定與限制 7
第四節　名詞解釋與操作性定義 8
第五節　研究的重要性 10
第貳章　文獻探討 11
第一節　注意焦點 11
第二節　內外在焦點指導 14
第三節　內外在焦點回饋 17
第四節　約束行為假說 19
第五節　工作難度 21
第六節　文獻回顧小節 24
第參章　研究方法與步驟 25
第一節　實驗參與者 25
第二節　實驗工作 25
第三節　實驗儀器與軟體 26
第四節　實驗設計與流程 29
第五節　資料處理與分析 32
第肆章　結果 33
第一節　投擲臂之角運動學結果 34
第二節　指關節之線運動學結果 36
第三節　飛鏢得分與注意焦點問卷分析 38
第伍章　討論 40
第一節　飛鏢投擲運動學參數分析 40
第二節　飛鏢投擲得分及注意焦點策略問卷分析 44
第三節　綜合討論 45
第陸章　結論與建議 47
第一節　結論 47
第二節　建議 48
參考文獻 49
中文部分 49
英文部分 49
附錄一 54
附錄二 55
附錄三 56

表目錄
表1：Plugingait Fullbody Model (SACR) 反光球放置表 27

圖目錄
圖1：飛鏢靶 26
圖2：VICON Plugingait Model 反光球黏貼位置參照圖 27
圖3：實驗場地佈置圖 28
圖4：實驗流程圖 31

中文部分
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