臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

根據內政部警政署調查統計，2007年台灣地區國道車輛肇事的原因，駕駛者分心、未保持安全距離、超速三項共佔了超過三分之一的比率。針對這些問題，近年來已經有許多先進的科技被應用在提昇車輛的安全性上，用以分擔駕駛者的工作量，如協助駕駛、或是提供有用的資訊。在協助駕駛者方面，最廣為討論的即是先進車輛控制與安全系統 (AVCSS)，主要包含用以輔助「控制」的適應性巡航系統 (ACC)，以及輔助「駕駛安全」的防撞警示系統 (CWS)。這些先進科技應用的目的都是在於提昇駕駛的安全性、便利性、與效率，但不良的系統設定或介面設計卻反而會造成反效果，例如可能使駕駛者分心或是產生混淆，並且各種不同的系統同時作用，也可能因為系統衝突、競爭、干擾等，而產生負面的影響。

因此本研究主要目的在於找到兼顧安全性與人性化的ACC參數設定，以及CWS介面設計，並建立駕駛者與系統互動之行為模型，而由於大客車發生意外造成的嚴重性高，本研究特別針對大客車駕駛環境來討論，因此過程中主要利用職業大客車駕駛以及大客車駕駛模擬器來完成，整個研究包含了以下三個階段： ACC/CWS系統評估、駕駛行為概念模型建立、模型驗證與應用。第一階段的主要工作在於改善ACC的參數與評估CWS的系統介面，模擬器實驗中的ACC與CWS系統係參考國際車輛工程協會 (SAE International) 的規範，並以駕駛相關的效標來加以評估，如主觀評量及駕駛績效；其中參數、介面可提供第三階段研究作為模型建構用，而駕駛績效則作為模型驗證用。接下來第二階段主要在於建構駕駛者之行為模式概念，並提出模型的雛型，以使用ACC為例，以待第三階段驗證。在最後的第三階段，主要採用模擬的方式，其模型建構與驗證是基於第一階段的實驗設定與結果，以及第二階段的概念模型。

本研究貢獻可同時涵蓋系統設計者、系統使用者、以及政府參考三方面，系統評估結果可給予設計者作為參考，並且作為日後ACC/CWS相關研究應用的準則；使用者亦可在使用這些先進科技時更加的安全、方便、有效；同時，政府機關在制定安全建議或車輛設計規範時，亦有確切的原則能夠遵循。此外，除了以上之應用，駕駛行為模型的建立與驗證，兼具了理論與實驗驗證，可用於未來評估ACC，亦可預測駕駛績效，並期望應用於其他先進輔助系統。

According to the official investigation in Taiwan, 2007, driver’s distraction, speeding, and short headway keeping result in more than one third proportions of accidents on the freeway driving and are harmful to transportation safety. With the development of advanced technologies, lots of techniques that can share out drivers’ workload have been applied to in-vehicle task assistance and helpful information provision in the recent day. For in-vehicle assistance, the “control-aided” adaptive cruise control (ACC) and the “safety-aided” collision warning system (CWS) are widely discussed for advanced vehicle control and safety system (AVCSS). The purpose of these technologies is to enhance driving safety, convenience, and efficiency originally. However, improper system and interface design may cause against the result instead, such as distracting and confusing drivers. And further, the integration of different systems should also bring about negative effects as a result of the conflict, resource competition, or mutual interference between systems.

The objective of this research is to find out safe and human-based parameter settings on ACC and interface design on CWS. Also, to construct the human driver model when interacting with assist systems. Bus driving environment is the focused issue because traffic accidents will be more terrible on buses and need to be concerned. Therefore, professional bus drivers and the bus driving simulator are introduced to this research. This research will progress via three phases, human driver model conceptualization, ACC/CWS improvement, and model realization/validation. In the first phase, main tasks are the experiment of time-gap parameter improvement for ACC and the interface evaluation for CWS. The construction of ACC and CWS is referred to the standard issued by SAE International. The safety is defined by driving-related measures, such as driver’s subjective evaluation and driving performance. Parameters and interface improvements are for model realization, and the empirical driving data are for model validation in the final phase. Secondly, the conceptual human driver model is going to be brought up, with using ACC as an example. This prototype will be validated in the next phase. Finally, the concept model will be simulated based on the prototype from the second phase, and the settings and results from the experiment of phase 1.

The contribution of this research includes the dimensions of designers, end-users, and the government. The experimental results are flexible for specialists’ reference and applicable for related studies of ACC/CWS on buses. Drivers can also drive with these advanced technologies more safely, conveniently, and efficiently. The findings on the interaction among systems are also helpful for recommendation of driving safety by the government. Besides, the validated model not only can be applied to further evaluation of ACC, but it can also be the reference and performance prediction tool for advanced assist systems.

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
Table of Contents VI
List of Figures IX
List of Tables X
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 4
1.3 Dissertation framework 5
Chapter 2. Literature review 7
2.1 Adaptive cruise control 7
2.1.1 How ACC affects driving performance and workload 7
2.1.2 Research on time-gaps 9
2.1.3 Research on in-vehicle distractions 11
2.1.4 Impact of driving automation on drivers 13
2.2 Collision warning systems 15
2.3 Human driver model 16
2.3.1 Driver behavior models 17
2.3.2 Model modulization 18
Chapter 3. Time-gap settings of adaptive cruise control 22
3.1 Method 22
3.1.1 Participants 22
3.1.2 Apparatus 23
3.1.3 Design, tasks, and procedure 25
3.1.4 Measures, data collection, and statistical analysis 27
3.2 Results and discussions 30
3.2.1 Results I: Clustering of time-gaps 30
3.2.2 Discussions of results I 35
3.2.3 Results II: Effects of time-gaps and in-vehicle tasks 37
3.2.3.1 Driving performance: Longitudinal control 37
3.2.3.2 Driving performance: Lateral control 41
3.2.4 Discussions of results II 42
3.2.4.1 Longitudinal control 42
3.2.4.2 Lateral control 44
3.3 Limitations 45
Chapter 4. Interface design of collision warning system 47
4.1 Experiment I: The investigation of user preference 47
4.1.1 Methods 47
4.1.2 Results 51
4.1.3 Discussions 52
4.2 Experiment II: Evaluation of collision warning system interface 53
4.2.1 Method 54
4.2.2 Results 58
4.2.3 Discussions 61
Chapter 5. Human driver model simulation and validation 63
5.1 Conceptual human driver model on adaptive cruise control 63
5.2 Model simulation 65
5.3 Model validation 68
5.4 Discussions 72
Chapter 6. Conclusions 74
References 77
Appendix I: Model simulation illustration 83

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