臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
羅伯特．亞歷山大．舒曼 (Robert Alexander Schumann, 1810-1856) 的鋼琴作品之於鍵盤音樂的發展，向來有著舉足輕重的地位，他的鋼琴創作多為「十九世紀鋼琴性格曲」(Nineteenth Century Piano Character Pieces)，最具特色之處在於「套曲」(Set of Pieces) 形式的呈現。本篇論文的主軸《故事曲集》作品21 (Novelletten, op. 21) 即是由八首不具標題的「性格曲」集結而成的「套曲」，完成於1838年；「Novelletten」原為文學領域的詞彙，舒曼首次將其運用於音樂，成為創作的標題指稱。舒曼對於妻子克拉拉 (Clara Wieck Schumann, 1819-1896) 之深切情意、文學的靈感啟發、豐富的節奏性與多采的聲部織體，均交織於此部作品當中，充分反映出舒曼鋼琴創作的獨特魅力。
本論文首先概述舒曼鋼琴作品的類型與相關之特色，再就《故事曲集》的形成經過與創作的靈感泉源開始探討，爾後，透過八首故事曲的調性特色、速度運用與曲式結構，將研究方向深入至舒曼鋼琴寫作手法的特質。接著，由節奏的多元、線條的貫穿、音型的意義與教學的貢獻等四個面向，將《故事曲集》的鋼琴技巧提出，與詮釋的思維並進，探索這部作品在於彈奏層面的特殊性與藝術性。最後，藉由回顧研究的過程，呈現舒曼鋼琴作品得以獨樹一幟的原由，再延伸至八首故事曲在演奏時的連續性及其方式，進而傳遞獨屬於舒曼的鋼琴音樂之美。


關鍵字：
舒曼、克拉拉．舒曼、鋼琴性格曲、故事曲、音樂密碼、音樂與文學、鋼琴風格

Abstract
With their charm and polyphonic musical textures embedded throughout lyric and touching melodies, the piano compositions of Robert Alexander Schumann (1810-1856) have widely been regarded as treasures of the Romantic Era. Among all the works, Novelletten, op. 21 composed in 1838, with its literary inspiration interweaving deep affection toward his future wife Clara Wieck (1819-1896), reflects in full Schumann’s characteristic style in piano compositions.
To probe into Novelletten, this thesis first gives a general description of the type of works and features of Schumann’s piano compositions, followed by the genesis of inspiration for Novelletten, including the origin of the title “Novelletten” and how these pieces were composed in their literary inspirations, and diversified styles of music. This thesis studies the musical theories and vocabularies, starting with analyzing the structure of the work and musical forms of the eight pieces in Novelletten. Then it investigates the characteristics of composing techniques through various attributes of melodies, rhythm, and tonality, and application of specific figuration and transition between voices. Finally, a review of artistic creation features and musical qualities of Novelletten will be presented allowing for concepts to be exhibited in future performance and to apply knowledge into its interpretation and performance.


Keywords :
Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann, Piano Character Pieces, Novellette, Music Cipher, Music and Literature, Pianistic Style.

目次

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
目次 iii
譜例目次 iv
表目次 ix
凡例 x

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 3
第三節 研究方法與論文架構 6

第二章 舒曼鋼琴作品的特質 10
第一節 鋼琴作品之類型 10
第二節 文學之啟發 19
第三節 舒曼的「音樂密碼」 23

第三章 舒曼《故事曲集》之創作泉源 33
第一節 “Novelletten” 字詞源由 33
第二節 《故事曲集》之靈感來源 37
第三節 《故事曲集》於文學作品及音樂之連結 42
第四節 音樂曲風的引用 46

第四章 舒曼《故事曲集》之架構 53
第一節 調性的特色 54
第二節 速度的運用 57
第三節 曲式及結構 66

第五章 詮釋舒曼《故事曲集》的鋼琴寫作手法 73
第一節 節奏的多元 73
第二節 線條的貫穿 86
第三節 音型的意義 104
第四節 教學的貢獻 112

第六章 結論 122

參考資料 127

附錄一 舒曼《故事曲集》作品 21，各曲主題譜例 135
附錄二 舒曼鋼琴作品總覽 146

一、專書
Abraham, Gerald. A Schumann Symposium. London : Oxford University Press, 1952.
André, Philippe. Robert Schumann, Folies et Musiques. Paris : Le Passeur, 2014.
Berstein, Susan. Virtuosity of the Nineteenth Century. Stanford : Stanford University Press, 1998.
Boucourechliev, André. Schumann. Paris : Seuil, 1995.
Brendel, Alfred. Musical Thoughts & After-Thoughts. New York : The Noonday Press, 1991.
Coeuroy, Camille. Schumann. Paris : La Colombe, 1950.
Dale, Kathleen. Nineteenth-Century Piano Music. New York : Da Capo Press, 1972.
Dowley, Tim. Schumann. London : Omnibus Press, 1982.
Duault, Alain. Robert Schumann : le Goût de l’Ombre. Paris : Actes Sud, 2010.
Einstein, Alfred. Music in the Romantic Era. New York : W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1947.
Fassina, Jean. Lettre à un Jeune Pianist. Paris : Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2000.
Fraser, Alan. The Craft of Piano Playing : A New Approach to Piano Technique.Maryland : The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2003.
Gieseking, Walter. Comment Je suis Devenu Pianist. Paris : Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1991.
Gillespie, John. Five Centuries of Keyboard Music. New York : Dover Publication, Inc., 1972.
Gordon, Stewart. A History of Keyboard Literature. New York : Schirmer Books,1996.
Hildebrandt, Dieter. Pianoforte : A Social History of the Piano. Translated by Harriet Goodman. New York : George Braziller, Inc.,1988.
Hinson, Maurice. Guide to the Pianist’s Repertoire. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 2000.
Horowitz, Joseph. Arrau Parle. Translated by Tubeuf André. Paris : Editions Gallimard, 1985.
Juergen, Meyer-Josten. Conversations. Translated by De Galbert Elizabeth. Paris : Van de Velde, 1989.
Kirby, F. E. Music for Piano : A Short History. Portland, Oregon : Amadeus Press, 1995.
Kok, Roe-Min, and Laura Tunbridge, ed. Rethinking Schumann. New York : Oxford University Press, Inc., 2011
LacaValerie, Xavier. Ecrire la Musique. Paris : Dervy, 2003.
Liszt, Franz. Robert Schumann, ed. by R. Larry Todd. New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1994.
Longyear, Rey M. Nineteenth-Century Romanticism in Music. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Maxwell, Carolyn and William DeVan, ed., Schumann : Solo Piano Literature. Colorado : Maxwell Music Evaluation Books. 1984.
Musgrave, Michael. The Life of Schumann. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Newman, Williams S. The Sonata since Beethoven. New York : W. W. Norton & Co. Inc., 1972.
Ostwald, Peter. Schumann : the Inner Voices of a Musical Genius. Boston : Northeastern University Press, 1985.
Perrey, Beate. The Cambridge Companion to Schumann. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Pistone, Danièle. La Musique en France de la Révolution à 1900. Paris : Honoré Champion, 1979.
Rosen, Charles. Sonata Form. Revised ed. New York : W. W. Norton & Co. Inc., 1988.
________. The Romantic Generation. Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1995.
________. Piano Notes : The World of the Pianist. New York : The Free Press, 2002.
Rosenblum, Sandra P. Performance Practices in Classic Piano Music. Bloomington & Indianapolis : Indiana University Press, 1988.
Schauffler, Robert Haven. Florestan : The Life and Work of Robert Schumann. New York : Henry Holt and Company, 1945.
Schmidt-Beste Thomas. The Sonata. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Schneider, Michel. Schumann : la Tombée du Jour. Paris : Seuil, 1989.
Schumann, Clara. Early Letters of Robert Schumann. Translated by May Herbert. London : Geroge Bell and Son. 1888.
Schumann, Robert. On Music and Musicians. Translated by Paul Rosenfeld. Edited by Konrad Wolff. New York : Pantheon Books, Inc., 1946.
________. On Music : A Selection from the Wrintings. Translated and Edited by Henry Pleasants. New York : Dover Publications, Inc., 1965.
Schumann, Robert & Clara. Lettres d’amour. Paris : Buchet, 2008.
________. Journal intime. Paris : Buchet, 2009.
Todd, Larry R. ed. Nineteenth-Century Piano Music. New York : Schirmer Books, 1990.
________. ed. Schumann and his World. New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1994.
Tranchefort, François-René. Guide de la Musique de Piano et de Clavecin. Paris : Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1987.
Vetroff-Muller, Candice. Robert Schumann : l’Homme. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004.
Worthen John. Robert Schumann : Life and Death of a Musician. New Haven : Yale University Press, 2010.

二、期刊、文章
Fiske, Roger. “A Schumann mystery”. The Musical Times (Aug. 1964) : 574-578.
Macdonald, Claudia. “Schumann’s Piano Practice : Technical Mastery and Artistic Ideal”, The Journal of Musicology (Fall 2002) : 527-563.
Sams, Eric. “Did Schumann Use Ciphers”. The Musical Times (Aug. 1965) : 584-591.
Sams, Eric. “Schumann and the Cipher - Letters and Comments on Eric Sams’s Essay”. The Musical Times (Oct. and Dec. 1965) : 767-771.
Sams, Eric. “The Schumann Ciphers”. The Musical Times (May, 1966) : 392-399.
Sams, Eric. “The Schumann Ciphers : a coda”. The Musical Times (Dec, 1966) : 1050-1051.

三、論文
Flynn, Claire. “The creative art of Clara Schumann”. M.A. Thesis, National University of Ireland Maynooth, 1991.
Law, Deanna Rae. “Robert Schumann’s Novelletten, op. 21 : An analytical study”. DMA diss., University of Texas, 1996.
Selmon, Diana Meretta. “The Inner Voice : Musical Language and Meaning in Clara Wieck-Schumann’s Composition”. Ph.D. diss., Griffith University, 2009.
Seregow, Michael. “The Life and Times of Schumann’s Symphonic Etudes, Op. 13”. DMA diss., University of Oregon, 2014.

四、網路資料
Michael Struck, “Schumann’ s metronome”. Retrieved August 18, 2015, from http://www.henleusa.com/en/schumann-anniversary-2010/schumann-forum/schumanns-metronome-markings-a-bother-or-a-benefit.html
Andràs Schiff, “Schumann’s piano music”. Retrieved September 3, 2015, from http://www.henle.de/files/abstract_schiff_en.pdf. (Accessed 28 October 2015 )
Michel Cornu, “Une pensée de l’entre-deux”. Retrieved October 10, 2015, from
https://books.google.fr/books?id=VMVQsgz8puEC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&=Michel+Cornu+SChumann&source=bl&ots=TpAL4FyPjA&sig=yFji8S3BH4w_Zx_d18AEb3WWBPg&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&Ved=0CCsQ6AEwAWoVChMIk-Hj-5eByQIVSqGUCh3Pdw_N#V=onepage&q=Michel%20Cornu%20SChumann&f
Robert Schumann, “Four Fugues, Op. 72”. Retrieved April 29 2016, from http://www.henle.de/en/detail/index.html?Title=Four+Fugues+op.+72_890
G. Henle Verlag “keyboard instruments”. Retrieved May 6, 2016, from http://www.henle.de/en/complete-editions/index.html
Jean Paul Richter : “Flegeljahre”, ‘Larven-Tanz’. Retrieved May 8, 2016, from http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Jean+Paul/Romane+und+Erz%C3%A4hlungen/Flegeljahre/Viertes+B%C3%A4ndchen/Nr.+63.+Titan-Sch%C3%B6rl
Clara Schuamnn, “Soirées misicales” . Retrieved May 8, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?V=wB34wOV3XYs
William Alan Blaine, “Litterary and musical influence’s un Schumann’s “Novelletten”. Retrieved August 18, 2016, from http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332207/m1/12/

五、 樂譜來源
Schumann, Robert. Piano Music. Series II. Toronto : Dover Publications, 1972.
Schumann, Robert. Papillons, Op. 2. München : G. Henle Verlag, 1976.
Schumann, Robert. Novelletten, Op. 21. Frankfurt : C. F. Peters, 1979.
Schumann, Robert. Novelletten, Op. 21. München : Henle Verlag, 1979.
Schumann, Robert. Sämtliche Klavierwerke. Band IV. München : G. Henle Verlag, 1984.
Schumann, Robert. Davidsbündlertänze, Op. 6 . München : G. Henle Verlag,
2006.
Schumann, Robert. Sämtliche Klavierwerke. Band I. München : G. Henle Verlag, 2010.
Schumann, Robert. Sämtliche Klavierwerke. Band II. München : G. Henle Verlag, 2010.
Schumann, Robert. Sämtliche Klavierwerke. Band III. München : G. Henle Verlag, 2010.
Schumann, Robert. Sämtliche Klavierwerke. Band IV. München : G. Henle Verlag, 2010.
Schumann, Robert. Sämtliche Klavierwerke. Band V. München : G. Henle Verlag, 2010.
Wieck-Schumann, Clara. Ausgewählte Klavierwerke. München : G. Henle Verlag Edition. 2011.

六、 影音資料
Arrau, Claudio. Schumann. Philips 475 286-2.
Demus, Jörg. Robert Schumann. Nuova Era 231752.
Horowitz, Vladimir. Schumann “Kinderszenen”, “Kreisleriana”. Deutsche Grammophon 445 599-2.
Kempff, Wilhelm. Schumann “Fantasie”, “Symphonische Etüden”. Deutsche Grammophon 447 977-2.
Michelangeli, Arturo Benedetti. Robert Schumann “Carnaval”, “Faschingsschwank aus Wien”. Deutsche Grammophon 423 231-2.
Pollini, Maurizio. Robert Schumann “Davidsbündlertänze”, “Concert sans orchestra”. Deutsche Grammophon 471 369-2.
Pollini, Maurizio. Robert Schumann “Kreisleriana”, “Gesänge der Frühe”, “Allegro in B minor”. Deutsche Grammophon 471 370-2.
Richter, Svjatoslav. Robert Schumann, “Symphonic Studies, Op. 13”, “Fantasy, Op. 17” . Praga Productions 254 033.