臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

根據世界衛生組織對高齡社會的定義，台灣自1993年65歲以上人口即超過7%，屬於高齡化社會；面對人口結構的改變，老年人自主能力與生活滿意度等健康議題越顯重要。因此本研究主要目的在探討老年人自主性、自覺健康狀況及生活滿意度之現況及其相關性。採橫斷面描述相關性之研究設計，方便取樣方式選擇台灣南部某區域教學醫院門診65歲以上之187位老年人為研究對象；研究工具為巴氏量表、簡短攜帶式心智狀況量表、簡短老人憂鬱量表、老人知覺自主性量表、自覺健康評量表及生活滿意度量表。統計分析以SPSS 17.0 for Windows統計軟體進行資料處理，統計方法包括各面向描述性統計、t檢定、單因子變異數分析、Spearman及Pearson相關與複迴歸分析模式進行各因素間關係之驗證。
研究結果主要發現為：老年人自主性感受較為正向，但會因不同的經濟來源、居住狀況、教育程度與社交活動參與情形而有顯著差異；自覺健康狀況大部份屬於「好」，會因不同經濟來源與運動習慣而有顯著差異；老年人對生活普遍感到滿意，但會因不同經濟來源、教育程度與社交活動參與情形及次數而有顯著差異。老年人教育程度(r=.219, p=.003)、自主性(r=.632,p=.000)、自覺健康狀況(r=.406,p=.000)與其生活滿意度呈現顯著正相關。迴歸分析結果顯示，社交活動的參與、自主性與自覺健康狀況為老年人生活滿意度重要的預測因子，而此三變項共可解釋生活滿意度50.8%的總變異量。藉由本研究結果，研究者建議在學校教育與臨床老年人照護歷程中應顧及多元化、獨特性與連續性之特性，以達促進生理、心靈與社會全人健康之目的。
關鍵字：老年人、自主性、自覺健康狀況、生活滿意度

According to the definition of aging society from World Health Organi- zation, Taiwan became an aging society since 1993 when the percentage of the population aged 65 and over reached 7%. Health issues in elderly related to independent activity and life satisfaction are more important as the structural change in an aging population. The purpose of this study is to explore the correlations among autonomy, health perception and life satisfaction in the elderly. A sample size of 187 persons aged over 65 years old from regional teaching hospital located in south Taiwan by a convenience sampling method was under a cross-sectional and correlational design. Research tools included the Barthel Index (BI), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS- SF), Perceived Enactment Autonomy Scale on an Elderly (PEA), Self perceptions of health scale, and Life satisfaction scale were used. Datas were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 for Windows software package. Statistical methods included Descriptive Statistics, Independent samples T-test, One-way ANOVA, Spearman and Pearson''s product- moment correlation, and multiple regression were conducted.
The results demonstrate that the elderly feel more positive in the autonomy, and that there are significant differences in different sources of economic status, Living conditions, educational level, and participated in social activities. good by the majority in the health perception, and that there are significant differences in different sources of economic status and exercise habits. satisfied in life satisfaction generally, and that there are significant differences in different sources of economic status, educational level and Number of participating in social activities.There is also significant positive correlation between educational level(r=.219, p=.003), autonomy(r=.632, p=.000), health perception(r=.406, p=.000) and life satisfaction in the elderly. Regression analysis showed that participation of social activities, autonomy, and health perception were the three major predictor factors and accounted for 50.8% of the variance for life satisfaction. By the findings in this study, researchers suggest that we should take account of the characteristics of the diversification, uniqueness and continuity in school education and the process of elderly care to achieve the promotion of holistic health with physical, spiritual and social aspects.
Key word: elderly, autonomy, health perception, life satisfaction.

目 錄
第一章 緒論 --------------------------------------------1
第一節 研究背景與重要性---------------------------------1
第二節 研究目的-----------------------------------------4
第三節 名詞界定-----------------------------------------4
第二章 文獻探討------------------------------------------------------- 6
第一節 老年人自主性------------------------------------------------- 6
一 自主性之定義------------------------------------------------- 6
二 老年人自主性之內涵---------------------------------------- 7
三 老年人自主性之現況---------------------------------------- 8
四 影響老年人自主性之因素---------------------------------- 9
第二節 自覺健康狀況------------------------------------------------- 14
一 自覺健康狀況之定義---------------------------------------- 14
二 老年人自覺健康狀況之內涵------------------------------- 14
三 老年人自覺健康狀況之現況------------------------------- 15
四 影響老年人自覺健康狀況之因素------------------------- 16
第三節 生活滿意度---------------------------------------------------- 17
一 生活滿意度之定義------------------------------------------- 18
二 老年人生活滿意度之內涵---------------------------------- 18
三 影響老年人生活滿意度之因素---------------------------- 19
四 老年人自主性、自覺健康狀況與生活滿意度相關性- 23
第四節 研究架構------------------------------------------------------- 25
第三章 研究方法------------------------------------------------------- 26
第一節 研究設計------------------------------------------------------- 26
第二節 研究地點------------------------------------------------------- 26
第三節 研究對象及樣本數------------------------------------------- 26
第四節 研究工具------------------------------------------------------- 27
第五節 研究過程------------------------------------------------------- 32
第六節 資料分析------------------------------------------------------- 37
第七節 倫理考量------------------------------------------------------- 38
第四章 研究結果------------------------------------------------------- 39
第一節 研究樣本之描述性統計------------------------------------- 39
一 研究樣本流失率---------------------------------------------- 39
二 研究對象基本人口學資料描述---------------------------- 39
三 自主性---------------------------------------------------------- 45
四 自覺健康狀況------------------------------------------------- 48
五 生活滿意度---------------------------------------------------- 49
第二節 老年人基本屬性與自主性、自覺健康狀況及生活滿意度相關性------------------------------------------------------- 51
一 老年人基本屬性與自主性之關係 51
二 老年人基本屬性與自覺健康狀況之關係 55
三 老年人基本屬性與生活滿意度之關係 58
四 老年人基本屬性、自主性、自覺健康狀況與生活滿意度之相關性---------------------------------------------------- 61
第三節 老年人生活滿意度之預測因子---------------------------- 63
第五章 討論------------------------------------------------------------- 66
第一節 研究對象之基本屬性---------------------------------------- 66
第二節 老年人自主性、自覺健康狀況及生活滿意度之狀態--- 69
一 老年人自主性之狀態---------------------------------------- 69
二 老年人自覺健康狀況之狀態------------------------------- 71
三 老年人生活滿意度之狀態---------------------------------- 73
第三節 老年人基本屬性與自主性、自覺健康狀況及生活滿意度相關性------------------------------------------------------- 76
一 老年人基本屬性與生活滿意度相關性------------------- 76
二 老年人自主性與生活滿意度相關性---------------------- 77
三 老年人自覺健康狀況與生活滿意度之關係------------- 78
第四節 老年人生活滿意度之預測因子---------------------------- 79
第六章 結論與建議--------------------------------------------------- 81
第一節 結論------------------------------------------------------------- 81
第二節 研究限制------------------------------------------------------- 82
第三節 應用與建議---------------------------------------------------- 83
參考文獻 中文部份------------------------------------------------------- 87
英文部份------------------------------------------------------- 97
訪談同意書---------------------------------------------------- 105
附錄一 基本屬性調查表---------------------------------------------- 106
附錄二 簡短攜帶式心智狀況量表(SPMSQ) --------------------- 107
附錄三 巴氏量表------------------------------------------------------- 108
附錄四 簡短老人憂鬱量表------------------------------------------- 109
附錄五 老人知覺自主性量表---------------------------------------- 110
附錄六 自覺健康評量表---------------------------------------------- 111
附錄七 生活滿意度量表---------------------------------------------- 112
附錄八 收案機構人體試驗快速審查同意證明書---------------- 113
附錄九 研究工具使用同意書---------------------------------------- 114
附錄十 研究工具使用同意書---------------------------------------- 115

表 目 錄
表一 研究對象基本人口學之分佈狀況------------------------- 42
表二 自主性項目分析表------------------------------------------- 47
表三 自覺健康狀況項目分析表---------------------------------- 48
表四 生活滿意度項目分析表------------------------------------- 50
表五 老年人基本屬性與自主性之獨立樣本t檢定------------ 53
表六 老年人基本屬性與自主性之單因子變異數分析------- 54
表七 老年人基本屬性與自覺健康狀況之獨立樣本t檢定--- 56
表八 老年人基本屬性與自覺健康狀況之單因子變異數分析---------------------------------------------------------------- 57
表九 老年人基本屬性與生活滿意度之獨立樣本t檢定------ 59
表十 老年人基本屬性與生活滿意度之單因子變異數分析- 60
表十一 老年人基本屬性、自主性、自覺健康狀況與生活滿意度之相關矩陣------------------------------------------------- 62
表十二 第一階段老年人基本屬性及各量表與生活滿意度之迴歸分析結果 64
表十三 第二階段老年人基本屬性及各量表與生活滿意度之迴歸分析結果 65


圖 目 錄

圖一 老年人自主性、自覺健康狀況與生活滿意度相關性之研究架構圖---------------------------------------------------- 26
圖二 老年人自主性、自覺健康狀況與生活滿意度相關性探討之收案流程圖---------------------------------------------- 35
圖三 未符合收案標準疑似失智與(或)憂鬱個案之轉介流程圖------------------------------------------------------------- 36

內政部統計處(2009)．調查統計摘要-老人狀況調查摘要分析．取自
http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/survey.aspx [Ministry of the interior- Deparment of Statistics, Taiwan,ROC. (2009). Survey Data Service- Survey summary analysis of the elderly. Retrieved from http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/survey.aspx.]
內政部統計處(2011)．人口年齡分配按單齡組．取自http://sowf.moi. gov.tw/stat/year/y02-01.xls.[Ministry of the interior-Deparment of Statistics, Taiwan, ROC. (2011). Population by Single Year of Age. Retrieved from http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/y02-01.xls.]
內政部統計處(2011)．身心障礙者人數按年齡與障礙等級分．取自
http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/y04-18.xls. [Ministry of the interior- Deparment of Statistics, Taiwan, ROC. (2011). The Disabled Population by Age and Grade. Retrieved from http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/ stat/year/ y04 -18.xls.]
內政部統計處(2012)．內政統計月報-戶籍登記現住人口數按五歲、十歲
年齡組分．取自http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-06.xls. [Ministry
of the interior- Deparment of Statistics, Taiwan, ROC. (2012). Resident Population by 5-Year, 10-Year Age Group. Retrieved from http://sowf. moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-06.xls.]
王治平(2005)．老年人運動社會支持、知覺運動障礙對運動參與程度與生
活滿意度相關研究(未發表的碩士論文)．台北：國立體育學院體育研究所。[Wang, Z. P. (2005). The Relationships among Social Support , Perceived Barriers of Exercise, Exercise Involvement, and Life Satisfaction in the Middle Age Adults (Unpublished master’s thesis). Taoyuan: National Taiwan Sport University, Taiwan, ROC.]
王保進(2006)．中文視窗版SPSS與行為科學研究．台北：心理。[Wang, J. B. (2006). Chinese Windows version of SPSS and behavioral sciences. Taipei: Psychological. Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC: Psychological Publishing .]
行政院經濟建設委員會人力規劃處(2010)．2010年至2060年臺灣人口推計．(研究計劃編號(99)033.805)．台北市：行政院經濟建設委員會。[Council For Economic Planning and Development, Taiwan, ROC. (2010). Year 2010 to 2060 pushed Taiwan''s total population (Research Grant (99)033.805).Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC: Council For Economic Planning and Development.]
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2008)．2007年「中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」．取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_ p01.aspx?class_no=25&level_no=1&doc_no=68865.[Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, Taiwan, ROC. (2008). The physical -mental and Social conditions Long-term follow-up investigation in the elderly in 2007 . Retrieved from http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/ DM/DM2_ p01.aspx?class_no=25&level_no=1&doc_no=68865.]
行政院體育委員會(2009)．中華民國98年運動城市排行榜調查報告．取自http://www.sac.gov.tw/resource/publication/514_2010_1_20_98% E5%B9%B4%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82% E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A.pd f. [Sport Affairs Council, Executive Yuan. (2009). The Investigation report of the sports city list in 2009 . Retrieved from http://www.sac.gov.tw/resource/publication/514_2010_1_20_98% E5%B9%B4%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82% E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A.pdf
朱坤連(1995)．退休人員生活需求及滿意度相關因素之研究-以高雄市公教退休人員為例(未發表的碩士論文)．高雄：高雄師範大學成人與繼續教育研究所碩士論文。[Chu, K. C. (1995). A Study on the Lives Demand and Life Satisfaction of Retired Government Employees and Teachers—An Example of Kaohsiung City. (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan, ROC.]
余麗樺、陳幼梅、黃惠滿、蘇貞瑛、蕭美玉、阮慧沁、劉家壽(2001)．認知教育對腦中風患者身體功能及疾病認知影響之縱貫性研究．榮總護理，18(1)，38-50。[Yu, L. H., Chen, Y. M., Huang, H.M., Su, C. Y., Hsiao, M.Y., Juan, H. C., & Liu,C. S. (2001). The effects of cognitive Intervention on the Physical Function and Stroke Knowled ge of Stroke Patients: A Longitudinal Study. VGH Nursing, 18(1), 38-50.]
李春香(2007)．社區老人日常生活功能、自覺健康狀態、憂鬱狀態與自殺意念之相關性探討(未發表的碩士論文)．高雄：輔英科技大學護理研究所。[Lee, C. H. (2007). Correlation Between Suicidal Ideation and Activity of Daily Life, Health Perceptions, and Depression in the Community Elderly (Unpublished master’s thesis). Kaohsiung: Fooyin University, Taiwan, ROC.]
李婉伶(2008)．護理之家老年人之生命意義(碩士論文)．取自華藝線上圖書館。[Lee, W. L. (2008). Meaning in life of elderly nursing home
residents (Master’s thesis). Available from Airiti Library.]
李孝陵、彭淑惠、吳瓊滿(2004)．淺談遷移至機構照護對老人的衝擊．
長期照護雜誌，7(4)，371-385。[Li, S.L., Peng, S. H., &Wu, C.M. (2004). Discussion the Impact of Being Relocated to Institutional Care for the Elderly. The Journal of Long term care, 7(4), 371-385.]
吳奇璋(2009)．養護機構內老年人自主性及其影響因素之探討(未發表的碩士論文)．屏東：美和技術學院健康照護研究所。[Wu, Q. H. (2009). The autonomy and its related factors among older people in long-term care facilities (Unpublished master’s thesis). Pingtung: Meiho University, Taiwan, ROC.]
尚憶薇(1999)．適當運動對老年人身心健康之助益．大專體育，46，82-86。[Shang, Y. W. (1999). The benefit of exercise on physical and psychological health in the elderly. The Journal of University Physical Education & Sports , 46, 82-86.]
林瑞興(1999)．探討增加身體活動量對老年人的重要性．大專體育，46，87-93。[Lin, J. H. (1999). Importance of physical activity for the elderly. The Journal of University Physical Education & Sports , 46, 87-93.]
林佳蓉(2001)．老人生活滿意模式之研究(未發表的碩士論文)．桃園：國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文.[Lin,C. J. (2001). A Study of Life Satisfaction Model of the Elder (Unpublished master’s thesis). Taoyuan: National Taiwan Sport University, Taiwan, ROC.]
林惠麗(2004)．高齡者生活滿意度之調查研究．玄奘社會科學學報，2，45-84。[Lin, H. L. (2004). The Study of life satisfaction for the Elderly. Hsuan Chuang Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 45-84.]
林沄萱(2008)．超越老化支持團體對機構老人超越老化觀感、憂鬱與生活滿意度成效探討(未發表的碩士論文)．臺南：成功大學護理研究所。[Lin,Y. X. (2008). Effects of Gerotranscendence Support Group on Gerotranscendence Perception, Depression and Depression, and Life satisfaction of Institutionalized Elders (Unpublished master’s thesis). Tainan: National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC.]
林怡君、余豎文、張宏哲(2004)．新店地區機構和非機構老人憂鬱情形及相關因素之調查．台灣家庭醫學雜誌，14(2)，81-93。[Lin, I. C., Yu, S. M.,& Chang, H. J. (2004). A Survey of Depression and Its Related Factors of the Institutionalized and Non-institutionalized Elderly in Hsin-TienCity. Taiwan Journal of Family Medicine, 14(2), 81-93.]
林芷伊、王靜枝、邱慧洳、李瓊瑛、鄭夙芬(2011)．機構關節炎老人之慢性疼痛及其相關因素探討．護理雜誌，58(1)，59-67。[Lin, J. I., Wang, J. J., Chiu, H.J., Lee, C. Y., & Cheng, S. F. (2011). Chronic Pain and Associated Factors Amongst Institutionalized Elderly With Arthritis. The Journal of Nursing, 58(1), 59-67.]
唐憶淨、李孟智、王玉潯、吳麗芬、黃孝鏘、卓良珍、周崇頌(1999)．老年人自覺健康狀態及其影響因素．中華家醫誌，9(1)，31-42。[Tang, Y. J., Li, M. C., Wang, Y.H., Wu, L. F., & Hwang, H. K., Cho, L. C., & Chou, C. S. (1999).Self-perceived Health Status and its Related Factors Among the Elderly. China Journal of Fa mily Medicine, 9(1), 31-42.]
范涵惠(2002)．長期照護機構老人健康狀況、生活適應及生活滿意度相關性之探討(未發表的碩士論文)．臺中：中國醫藥學院醫學研究所。[Fan, H. H. (2009). Correlation among Life Satisfaction, Health Status, and Life Adaptation of the Elderly Living in long-term care facilities (Unpublished master’s thesis). Taichung: China Medical University, Taiwan, ROC.]
梁蕙雯(2009)．腦中風之障礙與失能評估量表簡介．臺北市醫師工會會刊，53(10)，20-23。[Liang, H. W. (2009). Introduction stroke disorder and disability assessment scales. The Journal of physician unions in Taipei, 53(10) ,20-23.]
張春興(1991)．張氏心理學辭典．台北：東華。[Chang, C. H. (1991).
Chang''s dictionary of psychology. Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC: Donghua.]
張怡(2003)．影響老人社會參與之相關因素探討．社區發展季刊，103，225-234。[Chang, Y. (2003). The Social participation and its related factors of older people. Journal of Community Development, 103, 225-234.]
張彩秀、黃乾全(2002)．中老年健康促進生活型態與自覺健康狀態之關係．衛生教育學報，17，15-30。[Chang, T. H., & Hwang, K. C. (2002).
The Relationship between Health Promotion Lifestyle and Perceived Health Status among Adults. Journal of Health Education, 17，15-30.]
張家銘、蔡智能(2003)．老年人之周全性評估．台灣醫學，7(3)，364-370。[Chang, C. M., & Tsai, C. N. (2003). Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment. Taiwan Journal of Medicine, 7(3), 364-370.]
曾淑汝(1999)．護理之家老年住民的生活品質及相關因素探討(未發表的碩士論文)．高雄醫學大學護理研究所。[Tseng, S. R. (1999). The Quality of life in the oderly residents and its related factors inNursing Home. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Kaohsiung: Medical University, Taiwan, ROC.]
邱清榮(1997)．我國老人婦女自主性之初探-以台中市居住在社區中的婦女為例(未發表的碩士論文)．臺北：政治大學社會學系研究所。[Chiu, C. J. (1997). A Preliminary Study of the Autonomy of Elderly Women in Taiwan—An Example of Taichung City (Unpublished master’s thesis). Taipei: National Chengchi University, Taiwan, ROC.]
邱啟潤、張永源、陳武宗、黃洽鑽、黃忠信(2000)．高樹農村老人健康狀況的評估研究．護理研究，8(1)，227-239。[Chiou, C. J., Chang, Y. Y., Chen, W.T., Huang, C. T., & Huang, J. (2000). The Assessment Study of Health Status for the Rural Elderly of Kaoshu Rural Township. The Journal of Nursing Research , 8(1), 227-239.]
邱美汝、陳玉敏、李月萍(2007)．長期照護機構老人的生活適應及影響因素．實證護理，3(2)，119-128。[Chiu, M. J., Cheg, Y. M.,& Li, Y. P (2007). Life Adaptation and the Factors Influencing It among the Elderly Living in Long-Term Care Facilities. The Journal of Evidence-Based Nursing , 3(2), 119-128 .]
黃璉華(1992)．老人生活滿意度相關因素之因徑分析研究．護理雜誌，39 (4)，37-47。[Hwang, L. H. (1992). A Causal Model of life satisfaction among the Elderly. The Journal of Nursing, 39(4), 37-47.]
黃靜君(2000)．北投社區型態養護機構住民健康狀況與長期照護服務需求之探討(未發表的碩士論文)．台北：國立陽明大學社區護理研究所。[Hwang, H. H. (2009). A Study of Health Status and Service Needs of Residents who Lived at Long-term care Institutions in Pei Tou (Unpublished master’s thesis). Taipei: National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC.]
黃慧莉(2003)．自主性之概念分析．醫護科技學刊，5(2)，130-141。[Hwang, H. L. (2003). Concept Analysis of Autonomy. The Journal of Health Science,5(2), 130-141.]
黃筱君(2008)．老人自主性、代間關係與生活滿意度之研究(未發表的碩士論文)．台北：私立輔仁大學兒童與家庭學系研究所。[Hwang, H. C. (2008)．The study among Autonomy, Intergenerational relations, and Life satisfaction in the Elderly(Unpublished master’s thesis). Taipei: Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan, ROC.]
黃國彥、鍾思嘉(1987)．老人健康自評、生活改變和生命意義與其生活滿
意之關係．中華心理衛生學刊，3(1)，169-181。[Hwang, K. Y., & Chung,
S. C. (1987). Correlation among Health Perceptions, Life changes, life
means and Life satisfaction in the Elderly. Formosa Journal of Mental Health, 3 (1), 169-181.]
黃慧莉、林惠賢(2002)．老人知覺自主性量表：中文修訂版的信效度評估．測驗年刊，49(2)，183-197。[Hwang, H. L., & Lin, H. S. (2002). Psychometric Assessment of the Perceived Enactment Autonomy Scale on an Elderly Taiwanese Sample. Psychological Testing , 49(2), 183-197.]
趙珮璇(2003)．老榮民自覺健康狀況、憂鬱狀態及生活品質相關性之探討(未發表的碩士論文)．台中: 中國醫藥學院護理學研究所。[Chao, P. H. (2003). The Relationships among Perceived Health Status, Depression, and Quality of life in the Oderly Veterans (Unpublished master’s thesis). Taichung: China Medical University, Taiwan, ROC.]
廖以誠、葉宗烈、柯慧貞、駱重鳴、盧豐華(1995)．老人憂鬱量表-中譯版之信、效度初步研究．彰基醫誌，1，11-17。[Liao, Y. C., Ye, Z. L., Ke, H. J., Luo, Z. M., & Lu, F. H. (1995). The Chinese version of the short-form geriatric depression scale: An initial study of reliability and validity. The Journal of Changhua Christian Hospital, 1, 11-17.]
劉若蘭(1995)．適應的意義．心理衛生概要(4-19)．台北：匯華。[Liu, J. L. (1995). Definition of adaptness -Introduction to Mental Health (4-19) . Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC: Huihua.]
劉淑娟(1999)．老年人的靈性護理．護理雜誌，46(4)，51-56。[Liu, S. J. (1999). The Spiritual Care of the Elderly. The Journal of Nursing, 46(4), 51-56.]
劉千琪、洪麗珍、郭憲文(2001)．失能患者日常生活活動與其生活滿意
度之相關性．中台灣醫學科學雜誌，6(3)，157-166。[Liu, C. C., Hung, L. C., & Kuo, H.W.(2001). Association between activities of daily life satisfaction among disable patients. Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine, 6(3),157-166.]
董和銳(2005)．台灣老年人口自評健康與功能障礙情形的轉變．身心障
礙研究，3(2)，72-87。[Tung, H. J. (2001). [Tung, H. J. (2005). Self-Rated Health and Functional Disability Status Transitions among the Elderly in Taiwan. The Journal of Disability Research , 3(2) , 72-87.]
葉淑惠、林麗味、許耀東、林佩欣、李雪楨(1999)．實施老人長期養護機構教育對社會老人照護服務之成果．護理研究，7(2)，157-171。[Ye, S. H., Lin, L. W., Xu, Y. D., Lin, P. S., & Li, X. Z. (1999). Elderly long- term care facilities to implement education on the outcomes of social care services for the elderly. Journal of Nursing Research (Taiwan), 7(2), 157-171.]
葉淑娟、施智婷、莊智薰、蔡淑鳳(2004)．社會支持系統與老人生活滿意度之關係－以高雄市老人為例．中山管理評論，12(2)，399-427。[Yeh, S. C., Shih, C. T., Chuang, C. H., & Tsay, S. F. (2004). The Relationship Between Social Supports and Life Satisfaction for Elderly in Kaohsiung.
Sun Yat-Sen Management Review,12 (2), 399-427.]
陳亦暉(1995)．影響安養機構內老人生活滿意度之因素-以中部某榮民之
家為例(未發表的碩士論文)．國立雲林技術學院工業工程與管理技術
研究所。 [Chen, Y. H. (1995). The Life satisfaction and its related factors among older people in long-term care facilities- A veterans Home in the Central (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Yunlin Universityof Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC.]
陳肇男(2000)．台灣老人之年齡增長與生活滿意度．人口學刊，21，37-59。[Chen, T. N. (2000). Age increase and life satisfaction of Elderly in Taiwan. The Journal of Population Studies, 21, 37-59.]
陳娟娟(2006)．高雄都會區老年人參與休閒活動與生活滿意之研究(碩士論文)．取自華藝線上圖書館。[Chen, C. C. (2005). A study of leisure activity participation and life satisfaction in Kaohsiung metropolitan area Elders (Master’s thesis). Available from Airiti Library.]
盧成皆(1997)．線性迴歸分析所需樣本數目之討論．護理研究，5(4)，377-383。[Lo, S.K. (1997). A Discussion of the Sample Size Required in Multiple Linear Regressions. Journal of Nursing Research (Taiwan), 5(4), 377-383.]
盧瑞芬、曾旭民、蔡益堅(2003)．國人生活品質評量SF-36臺灣版的發展及心理計量特質分析．臺灣公共衛生雜誌，22(6)，501-511。[Lu, J. H.., Tseng, H. M, & Tsai, Y. J . (2003). Assessment of Health-related Quality of Life in Taiwan (I): Development and Psychometric Testing of SF-36. Taiwan Version. Taiwan Journa l of Public Health, 22(6), 501-511.]
陸洛、陳欣宏(2002)．臺灣變遷社會老人的家庭角色調適及代間關係之初探．應用心理研究，14，221-249。[Lu, L., & Cheng, H. H . (2002). An Exploratory Study on Role Adjustment and Intergenerational Relationships among the Elderly in the Changing Taiwan. The Research in Applied Psychology, 14, 221-249.]
蔡長清(1998)．退休老人休閒參與量及類型與生活滿意度之關係．(國科會專案報告計畫編號：NCS86-2417-H151-001)．台北市：中華民國行政院國家科學委員會。[Tsai, C. C. (1998). Relationship between the Elderly of retired in recreation participate and types with life satisfaction (Research Grant NCS86-2417-H151-001). Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC: National Science Council.]
戴玉慈、羅美芳(1996)．身體功能評估的概念與量表．護理雜誌，34(2)，63-69。[Dai, Y. T., & Lou, M. F.(1996). Concepts and assessing instruments of physical function. The Journal of Nursing, 34(2), 63-69.]
戴正德、李明濱(2000)．醫學倫理導論．台北市：教育部。[Tai, C. D.,
& Li, M. P. (2000). Medical Management guide regardless Toronto. Taipei City , Taiwan, ROC: Ministry of Education.]
鍾思嘉、黃國彥(1986)．老人責任行使與其生活滿意之關係．教育與心理研究，9，73-82。[Chung, S. C., & Huang, K. Y. (1986). Correlation Between responsibility and Life satisfaction in the Elderly. The Journal of Education Psychology, 9, 73-82.]
鄧惠琴、徐亞瑛、陳明岐、蔡芸芳、林信男(2005)．影響髖骨骨折
老人出院前產生憂鬱傾向之相關因素探討．實證護理，1(4)，
253-262。[Deng, H. C., Shyu, Y. I., Chen, M. C., Tasi, Y. F., & Lin, H. N. (2005). Factors related to depression in elderly patients receiving hospitalization care for hip fractures. Journal of Evidence-Based
Nursing, 1(4), 253－262.]
Armon, C. (1989). Individuality and autonomy in adult ethical reasoning. In
Commons, M. L., Sinnott, J. D., Richard, F. A., & Armon, C. (Eds.), Adult development,Vol.1, Comparisons and applications of develop- mental models (pp.179-196). Ny: Praeger.
Asakawa, T., Koyano, W., Ando, T., & Shibata, H. (2000). Effects of functional decline on quality of life among the Japanese elderly. International Journal Aging Human Development, 50(4), 319-328.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: the model of selective optimization with compensation. In: Baltes PB & Baltes MM, eds. Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences, Cambridge University Press, 1-34.
Braam, A. W., Bramsen, I.V., Tilburg, G., Ploeg, H. M., & Deeg, D. J. (2006). Cosmic transcendence and framework of meaning in life: patterns among older adults in the Netherlands. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 61(3), 121-128.
Brandmeyer, D. D. (1987). Higher education activity and life satisfaction in the olderadult. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Georgia, Athens.
Brink, T. L., Yesavage, J. A., Lum, O., Heersema, P., Adey, M. B., & Rose, T.L. (1982). Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist, 1, 37.
Buckworth, J., & Dishman, R. K. (2002). Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Castellucci, D. T. (1998). Issues for nurses regarding elder autonomy. Nursing Clinics of North Americat, 33(2), 265-274.
Cheng, Y. H., Chi, I., Boey, K. W., Ko, L. S., & Chou, K. L. (2002). Self-rated economic condition and the health of elderly persons in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 55(8), 1415-1424.
Chou, K. L., & Chi, I. (2002). Successful aging among the young-old, old-old, and oldest old Chinese. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 54(1), 1-14.
Cicirelli, V. G. (1992). Family caregiving- autonomous and paternalistic
decision making. Newburry Park: Sage
Collopy, B. J. (1988). Autonomy in long term care: Some crucial distinctions. The Gerontologist, 28, 10-17.
Crowther, M. R., Parker, M.W., Achenbaum, W.A., Larimore, W. L., & Koenig, H.G. (2002). Rowe and Kahn'' smodel of successful aging revisited: positive spirituality-the forgotten factor. Gerontologist 42, 613-620.
Davies, S., Ellis, L., & Laker, S. (2000). Promoting autonomy and inde- pendence for older people within nursing practice: an observational study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 9, 127-136.
Edginton, C. R., Jordan, D. J., DeGraaf, D. G., & Edginton, S. R. (1995). Leisure and life satisfaction: foundational perspectives. Madison: Brown & Benchmark Pubilshers.
Ford, A. B., Haug, M. R., Stange, K. C., Gaines, A. D., Noelker, I. S., & Jones, P. K. (2000). Sustained personal autonomy: A measure of successful aging. Journal of Aging and Health, 12(4), 470-489.
Fung, L. (1994). Implementing the patient self-determination act: How to effectively engage Chinese American elderly persons in the decision of advance directives. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 22, 161 - 174.
Furlong, S. (1996). Self -care: the application of a ward philosophy. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 5(2), 85-90.
Gama, E. V., Damian, J., Molino, J. P., Lopez, M. R., Perez, M. L., Francico,
J., & Iglesias, G. (2000). Association of individual activities of daily
living with self-rated health in older people. Age and Ageing, 29, 267
-270.
Ganguli, M., Dodge, H. H., & Mulsant, B. H. (2002). Rates and Predictors of
Mortality in an aging, rural, community-based cohort: the role of
depression. Archives General Psychiatry, 59 (11), 1046-1052.
Geyer, E. (1990). Self -care issues for the elderly. Dimensions in Oncology
Nursing, 4(2), 33-35.
Griffin, J., & McKenna, K. (1998). Influences on leisure and life satisfaction of elderly people. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 15(4), 1-16.
Hall, R. H. (1968). Professionization and bureaucratization. American
Sociological Review, 33, 92-104
Havighurst, R. J., Neugarten, B. L., & Tobin, S. S. (1968). Disengagement and Patterns of Aging, in B. L. Neugarten(ed.) Middle Age and Aging: A Reader in Social Psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hertz, J. E. (1991). The perceived enactment of autonomy scale: Measuring the potential for self-care action in the elderly. Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(4), 1953B. (University Mi-crofilms No. 91-28,248)
Hertz, J. E. (1996). Conceptualization of perceived enactment of autonomy in the elderly. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 17, 261-273.
Hertz, J. E., & Anschutz, C. (2002). Relationships among perceived enactment of autonomy, self-care, and holistic health in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 20(2), 166-185.
Hilleras, P. K., Jorm, A. F., Herlitz, A., & Winblad, B. (2001). Life satisfaction among the veryold: A survey on a cognitively intact sample aged 90 years or above. InternationalJournal of Aging & Human Development, 52, 71-90.
Hodges, H. F., Keeley, A. C., & Grier, E. C. (2001). Masterworks of art and chronic illness experience in the elderly. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36, 389-398.
Hwang, H., & Lin, H. (2003). Received enactment of autonomy and related factors among elders. Journal of Nursing Research, 11(4), 277-286.
Kahana, E., Redmond, C., Hill, G. J., Kercher, K., Johnson, J. R., & Toung, R. F. (1995). The effects of stress, vulnerability, and appraisals on the psy- chological well-being of the elderly. Research on Aging, 17(4), 459-489.
Kant, I. (1964). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. (Paton, H. J., Trans., 3nd ed.) NY: Harper & Row.
Kelly, J. R., & Godbey, G. C. (1992). Sociology of leisure. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
Krause, N. M., & Jay, G. M. (1994). What Do Global Self-Rated Health Items Measure. Medical Care, 32(9), 930-939.
Kuypers, J. A., & Bengtson, V. L. (1973). Social breakdown and competence: A normal model of aging. Human Development, 16, 181-201.
Lai, D. W. (2000). Measure depression in Canada’s elderly Chinese
population: Use of a community screening instrument. Canadian Journal of Phychiatry, 45(3), 279-284.
Leinonen, R., Heikkinen, E., & Jylha, M. (2002). Changes in health, functional performance and activity predict changes in self-rated health: A 10-year fallow-up study in older people. Archives of Gerontology and
Geriatrics, 35, 79-92.
Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. W. (1965). Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. MD State . Journal of Medicine, 14, 61-65.
Mc William, C, L., Brown, J, B., Carmichael, J, L., & Lehman, J, M., (1994). A new perspective on threatened autonomy in elderly persons: the disempowering process. Social Science and Medicine, 38(2), 327-338.
Melia, S. P. (2002). Themes of continuity and change in the spiritual reminiscence of elder Catholic women. New York: Springer.
Miller, B. L., (1988). Autonomy and the Refusal of Lifesaving Treatment. Moral Problems in Medicine(2nd ed.). pp. 66-68. New Jeresy: Prentice- Hall, Inc..
Murrell, S. A., Salsman, N. L., & Meeks, S. (2003). Educational attainment, positive psychological mediators, and resources for health and vitality in older adults. Journal of Aging & Health, 15(4), 591-615.
Nicholas, P. K . (1993). Hardiness, self -care practices and perceived health status in older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 1085-1094.
Nystrom, A., & Segesten, K. (1994). On sources of powerlessness in nursing home life . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19, 124-133.
Paterson, R. W. K. (1979). Values, education and the adult. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Patrick, D. L., & Begnen, M. (1990).Measurement of health status in the
1990s. Annual Review of Public Health, 11, 164-183.
Pavot, W., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method conver-gence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 149- 161.
Peek, M. K., & Coward, R. T. (2000). Antecedents of disability for older adults with multiple chronic health conditions. Research on Aging, 22, 422-444.
Pfaff, J. J., & Almeida, O. P. (2005). Detecting suicidal ideation in older patients: identifying risk factors within the general practice setting.
British Journal of General Practice, 55(513), 269-273
Pfeiffer, E. A. (1975). short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 23(10), 433-441..
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods (7ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Proot, C. A., Meulen, W. M., & Shelkey, M. (2008). Monitoring functional status in hospitalized older adults. American Journal of Nursing, 108(4), 64-71.
Proot, I. M., Grebolder, H. F., Abu-Saad, H. H., Macor, T. H., & Meulen,
R. H. (2000). Facilitating and constraining factors on autonomy. Clinical Nursing Research, 9(4), 460-478.
Ragheb, M. G., & Griffith, G. A. (1982). The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to the life satisfaction of older persons. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(4), 295-306.
Ragheb, M. G., & Griffith, G. A. (1982). The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to the life satisfaction of older persons. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(4), 295-306.Richardson, A. (1991). Theories of self -care: Their relevance to Chemotherapy -induced nausea and vomiting. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 671-676.
Riddick, C. C., & Stewart, D. G. (1994). An examination of the life
satisfaction and importance of leisure in the lives of older female retirees: A comparison of blacks to whites. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(1), 75-87.
Roberts, B. L., Dunkle, R., & Haug, M. (1994). Physical, psychological, and social resources moderators of the relationship of stress to mental health to the very old. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences,49 (1), 35-43.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful aging. New York：Dell publishing.
Sainsbury, A., Seebass, G., Bansal, A., & Young, J. B. (2005). Reliability of the Barthel Index when used with older people. Age and Aging, 34, 228-232.
Sharf, B. F., & Vanderford, M. L. (2003). Illness narratives and social construction of health. In T. L. Thompson, A. M. Dorsey, K. I.Miller, & R. Parrott (Eds.), Handbook of health communication. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sheikh, V. I., & Yesavage, V.A. (1986). Geriatric depression scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. In T. L. Brink (Eds.), Clinical Gerontology: A guide to assessment and intervention (165-174). New York:Hawworth Press.
Smith, 1. A. (1981). The idea of health: A philosophical inquiry. Advanced
in Nursing Science, 3 (3),43-50.
Stewart, A. L., Hays, R. D., & Ware, J. E. (1988). Communication: The MOS short-form general health survey. Medical Care, 26(7), 724-732.
Svedberg, P., Lichtenstein, P., & Pedersen, N. L. (2001). Age and sex
differences in genetic and environmental factors for self-rated health: A
twin study. Journal of Gerontology: Social Science, 56(3), 171-178.
Tinsley, H. E. A. & Tinsley, D. J. (1986). A Theory of the Attributes, Benefits and Cause of Leisure Experience. Leisure Science, 8, 1-15.
Torres, S. (2001). Understanding of successful ageing in the context of migration: the case of Iranian immigrants in Sweden. Ageing and Society, 21, 333-355.
Tsoh, J., Chiu, H. F. K., Duberstein, P. R., Chan, S. S. M., Chi, I., Yip, P. S.
F., & Conwell, Y. (2005). Attempted suicide in Elderly Chinese pearson.
The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(7) , 562-571.
Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short form health survey(SF-36) . I Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473-483.
Willians, G., Bradley, D. A., Bragg, R., Catlin, P., & Carlier. (1999). Future systems for remote health care．Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare，5(3), 141-152。
Yen, Y. C., Yang, M. J., Yang, M. S., Lung, F. W., Shih, C. H., Hahn, C.Y.,
& Lo, H. Y. (2005). Suicidal ideation and associated factors among
community-dwelling elders in Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical
Neurosciences, 59, 365-371.