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研究生:曾文良
研究生(外文):Wen-Liang Tseng
論文名稱:以介相碳微球製造等方性石墨之研究
論文名稱(外文):Manufactures of Isotropic Graphite from Mesocarbon Microbeads
指導教授:李建明李建明引用關係卓錦江
指導教授(外文):Chien-Ming LeeJiin-Jiang Jow
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立高雄應用科技大學
系所名稱:化學工程與材料工程系
學門:工程學門
學類:化學工程學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2010
畢業學年度:98
語文別:中文
論文頁數:57
中文關鍵詞:煤焦瀝青β-resin介相碳微球自燒結等方性石墨MCMBs
外文關鍵詞:Coal tar pitchβ-resinMesocarbon MicrobeadsSelf-sinteringIsotropic graphiteMCMBs
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介相碳微球 (Mesocarbon Microbeads,簡稱MCMBs) 之球體表面吸附適量之 β-resin 具有良好自燒結特性,經過等靜壓成型、碳化、石墨化,可製備高密度等方性石墨,製品廣泛被應用於電火花加工、連續鑄造、單晶矽爐等。
另一方面,當 MCMBs 被應用在鋰離子二次電池負極材料之時,其 β-resin 含量則越低越好,可避免在碳化及石墨化過程之結塊現象。因此,在製造高密度等方性石墨時, MCMBs 之 β-resin 含量扮演一個重要角色。
在本研究中,三種不同粒徑且含有不同 β-resin 含量的 MCMBs 被用以作為高密度等方性石墨之原料。首先,以溶劑萃取煤焦瀝青,製備含有 63 % β-resin 之瀝青樹脂,予以研磨至 5 μm,然後和三種不同粒徑且 β-resin 含量小於 1 % 之 MCMBs 以不同比例混合。
生胚體積密度與成型壓力有絕對正相關,成型壓力越高,所得生胚體積密度越高;而生胚體積密度與 β-resin 含量只有些微相關,在相同成型壓力下,不同 β-resin 含量所得之生胚體積密度差異不大。
如果 MCMBs 粒徑與瀝青樹脂粒徑之比值大於5時,碳化後塊材表面會形成氣泡,瀝青樹脂含量越高,產生之氣泡數目越多。這可歸因於在碳化階段,高揮發性物質氣化於碳材表面形成氣泡。
對等方性石墨塊材而言,如果β-resin含量大於 13 % 時,熱處理後之塊材內部產生龜裂。其同樣可歸因為揮發物質氣化通過塊材,導致塊材在石墨化時產生龜裂。 β-resin 含量在 5~13 % 之間時,塊材的體積密度隨著 β-resin 含量增加而降低。當 β-resin 含量低於 5 % 時,自燒結效果變差,塊材的體積密度亦呈現下降情形。結論為 MCMBs 中 β-resin 之含量應該控制在最適合的區間,以得到較高的體積密度。
使用粒徑 10.74 μm 之 MCMBs 摻配 7.5 wt % 之瀝青樹脂,其 β-resin 含量在 5 % 時,所製成高密度等方性石墨塊材之體積密度達到最大 2.022 g/cm3。
The mesocarbon microbead (MCMBs) adsorbed certain amount of β-resin on the surface exhibit good self-sintering character. These kinds of MCMBs can be used to develop high density isotropic graphite via isostatic pressure molding, carbonization and graphitization. These high density isotropic graphites are widely applied for the fabrication of electric discharge machining, continuous casting of metal bar, and silicon crystal growth…etc.
On the other hand, when MCMBs are used for lithium ion rechargeable battery the β-resin of MCMBs is the lower the better to prevent agglomeration during carbonization and graphitization. Therefore, the β-resin content on the MCMBs play an important role for making high density isotropic graphites.
In this study, three different particles of MCMBs with different β-resin are made to act as raw materials for high density isotropic graphite . First of all, a pitch resin with 63% β-resin is prepared from coal tar pitch via solvent extraction. This pitch resin was ground to about 5μm, then mixed with three different particles of MCMBs whichβ-resin content are less than 1%.
It is found that the isostatic pressure showed positive relationship with the density of green block. The higher the isostatic pressure, the higher the density. However, theβ-resin content of MCMBs exhibited minor relationship with the density of green block.
If the ratio of particles of MCMBs and pitch resin is over 5, the bubbles are formed on the surface of the carbon block. The higher the pitch resin, the more bubbles are found. It could be attributed to the high volatile matter vaporized and form bubble on the surface during carbonization.
For the isotropic graphite blocks, if β-resin content is over 13%, it showed crack phenomena after heat treatment. It could also be attributed to the vaporized matter broke through the blocks, thus induced the block cracking during graphitization. Within 5-13% of β-resin content, the density of graphite blocks are decreased along with the increasing of β-resin content.When the β-resin content is lower than 5 %, the self-sintering capability is worsened and the density of graphite blocks is also decreased. It is concluded that the β-resin content of MCMBs should be controlled within optimal range in order to get the higher density.
A 5% β-resin content of MCMBs was obtained by mixing 10.74μm MCMBs with 7.5 % of pitch resin. This material exhibited the highest density, 2.022g/cm3, for the graphite block compared to the others.
目 錄

中文摘要 --------------------------------------------------------i
英文摘要 --------------------------------------------------------ii
目錄 --------------------------------------------------------iii
表目錄 --------------------------------------------------------v
圖目錄 ------------------------------------------------------- vi
一、 緒論---------------------------------------------------- 1
1-1 前言---------------------------------------------------- 1
1-2 各種碳材簡介--------------------------------------------- 1
1-2-1 石墨---------------------------------------------------- 1
1-2-2 碳黑---------------------------------------------------- 8
1-2-3 碳纖維-------------------------------------------------- 11
1-2-4 奈米碳管------------------------------------------------ 14
1-3 碳材在各種電化學系統之應用--------------------------------- 19
1-3-1 超高電化學電容器----------------------------------------- 19
1-3-2 燃料電池------------------------------------------------ 22
1-3-3 鋰電池-------------------------------------------------- 24
1-3-4 太陽能電池及生物燃料電池---------------------------------- 25
二、 文獻回顧及研究動機---------------------------------------- 26
2-1 煤焦瀝青------------------------------------------------ 26
2-1-1 煤焦油之生產流程----------------------------------------- 26
2-1-2 煤焦瀝青之生產流程---------------------------------------- 27
2-1-3 煤焦瀝青之組成分析---------------------------------------- 28
2-2 介相碳微球----------------------------------------------- 29
2-2-1 生長機制------------------------------------------------ 29
2-2-2 生產流程------------------------------------------------ 29
2-2-3 規格及應用----------------------------------------------- 30
2-3 自燒結-------------------------------------------------- 33
2-3-1 自燒結現象----------------------------------------------- 33
2-3-2 β-resin含量之控制---------------------------------------- 34
2-3-3 β-resin含量對塊材性能之影響------------------------------- 35
2-4 塊材成型------------------------------------------------ 36
2-4-1 成型方式對產品性能的影響---------------------------------- 37
2-4-2 等靜壓成型各項參數之影響---------------------------------- 38
2-5 熱處理-------------------------------------------------- 39
2-6 研究動機------------------------------------------------ 41
三、 實驗部份------------------------------------------------ 42
3-1 原料之製備----------------------------------------------- 42
3-1-1 瀝青樹脂之製備------------------------------------------- 42
3-1-2 MCMBs之選用--------------------------------------------- 42
3-2 原料之摻配----------------------------------------------- 42
3-3 等方性石墨塊材之製作-------------------------------------- 43
3-3-1 等靜壓-------------------------------------------------- 43
3-3-2 碳化處理------------------------------------------------ 43
3-3-3 石墨化處理----------------------------------------------- 43
四、 結果與討論----------------------------------------------- 44
4-1 碳材原料之特性分析---------------------------------------- 44
4-1-1 瀝青樹脂特性分析----------------------------------------- 44
4-1-2 MCMBs特性分析------------------------------------------- 46
4-1-3 配方樣品中β-resin含量計算--------------------------------- 48
4-2 操作參數對塊材品質之影響---------------------------------- 49
4-2-1 成型壓力對生胚體積密度之影響------------------------------- 49
4-2-2 MCMBs粒徑對碳化塊材表面之影響----------------------------- 50
4-2-3 β-resin含量之影響---------------------------------------- 51
4-2-4 MCMBs粒徑之影響------------------------------------------ 52
4-2-5 最適配方------------------------------------------------ 53
五、 結論---------------------------------------------------- 54
參考文獻 ------------------------------------------------------- 55

表 目 錄

表1-1 人工石墨和玻璃碳之物理特性--------------------------------- 4
表1-2 高品質石墨生產原料---------------------------------------- 5
表1-3 日本東洋炭素公司電火花加工用石墨電極性能指標----------------- 6
表1-4 日本炭素及東海炭素公司連鑄石墨性能指標---------------------- 7
表1-5 日本東洋炭素公司之高純石墨性能指標-------------------------- 8
表1-6 一般碳黑的品種分類和輪胎用途------------------------------- 10
表1-7 碳材的表面改質------------------------------------------- 21
表1-8 利用Nafion和PTFE當binder製作燃料電池之前驅物和碳基材-------- 23
表1-9 碳基材燃料電池電極金屬觸媒之製備方法及相關條件--------------- 23
表1-10 應用碳基材之生化燃料電池及生物觸媒-------------------------- 25
表2-1 中鋼碳素化學公司介相碳微球產品規格表------------------------ 30
表2-2 溶劑萃取次數對MCMBs中β-resin含量之影響--------------------- 34
表2-3 不同研磨時間和壓力製成燒結塊材的彎曲強度-------------------- 37
表2-4 100Mpa模壓後不同溫度熱處理所得之碳材物理性能---------------- 40
表3-1 MCMBs與瀝青樹脂摻配比例表--------------------------------- 42
表3-2 生胚碳化程式--------------------------------------------- 43
表3-3 碳化塊材石墨化程式---------------------------------------- 43
表4-1 瀝青樹脂組成分析表---------------------------------------- 44
表4-2 瀝青樹脂粒徑分析結果-------------------------------------- 44
表4-3 MCMBs特性分析表------------------------------------------ 46
表4-4 配方編號之β-resin含量表---------------------------------- 48
表4-5 FGMP型MCMBs在不同成型壓力下生胚之體積密度------------------ 49
表4-6 配方#5~#12以1600kg/cm3 壓製,經過碳化及石墨化之結果--------- 51

圖 目 錄

圖1-1 傳統石墨製造程序圖---------------------------------------- 2
圖1-2 介相碳微球製備石墨碳材製程--------------------------------- 3
圖1-3 石墨化與溫度的關係---------------------------------------- 3
圖1-4 傳統高品質石墨生產流程圖---------------------------------- 5
圖1-5 鑽石、石墨及碳黑的結構示意圖------------------------------- 8
圖1-6 碳黑製造油爐程序----------------------------------------- 9
圖1-7 碳黑之形成、集結示意圖------------------------------------ 9
圖1-8 碳黑形態示意圖------------------------------------------- 9
圖1-9 碳黑結構對電導度的影響------------------------------------ 10
圖1-10 碳纖維截面圖--------------------------------------------- 11
圖1-11 聚丙烯腈(PAN)碳纖維製造流程圖---------------------------- 11
圖1-12 瀝青基碳纖維製造流程圖------------------------------------ 12
圖1-13 碳纖維機械強度分類特性------------------------------------ 13
圖1-14 單壁奈米碳管及富勒烯結構示意圖----------------------------- 14
圖1-15 複璧奈米碳管在穿透式顯微鏡下之層狀結構---------------------- 14
圖1-16 奈米碳管化學氣相沈積法的生長機制--------------------------- 15
圖1-17 化學氣象沉積法製備奈米碳管生長圖--------------------------- 16
圖1-18 單璧奈米碳管捲曲向量說明圖--------------------------------- 17
圖1-19 單臂形奈米碳管受軸向張力之Stone-Wales transformation示意圖- 17
圖1-20 奈米碳管彎曲示意圖---------------------------------------- 18
圖1-21 電雙層電容器示意圖---------------------------------------- 19
圖1-22 電雙層示意圖--------------------------------------------- 20
圖1-23 各種燃料電池之燃料處理及反應說明--------------------------- 22
圖1-24 鋰電池陽極碳材分類---------------------------------------- 24
圖2-1 煤焦油之生產流程圖---------------------------------------- 26
圖2-2 煤焦瀝青之生產流程圖-------------------------------------- 27
圖2-3 以Toluene及Quinoline分析瀝青組成分佈之流程----------------- 28
圖2-4 球狀MCMBs之生長及結構------------------------------------ 29
圖2-5 介相碳微球生產流程圖-------------------------------------- 30
圖2-6 雷射光繞射粒徑分布儀測得SGMP之粒徑分佈---------------------- 31
圖2-7 未經過碳化/石墨化之介相碳微球SEM圖------------------------- 32
圖2-8 經過碳化/石墨化之介相碳微球SEM圖--------------------------- 32
圖2-9 不同燒結溫度胚體之變化(a)重量損失(b)體積收縮(c)密度(d)導電度- 33
圖2-10 介相碳微球自燒結之過程示意圖------------------------------- 34
圖2-11 β樹脂含量對塊材生胚及碳化後的密度影響----------------------- 35
圖2-12 β樹脂含量對塊材生胚(a)及碳化後(b)的彎曲強度影響------------- 35
圖2-13 塊材成型方式擠壓成型(a)模壓成型(b)等靜壓成型(c)------------- 36
圖2-14 塊材成型方式與體積密度示意圖------------------------------- 36
圖2-15 成型壓力對生塊和碳塊密度的影響----------------------------- 37
圖2-16 成型壓力對900℃熱處理後碳塊抗壓強度和彎曲強度的影響---------- 38
圖2-17 持壓時間對碳塊體積密度、燒結收縮率(a)及彎曲強度(b)的影響----- 38
圖2-18 熱處理溫度對碳材的體積密度(a)、煤油密度(b)、開孔率(c)關係---- 39
圖2-19 熱處理溫度對石墨化程度的影響------------------------------- 39
圖2-20 100Mpa模壓後不同溫度熱處理所得之碳材石墨化度---------------- 40
圖4-1 瀝青樹脂之粒徑分布圖-------------------------------------- 44
圖4-2 瀝青樹脂之TGA分析圖-------------------------------------- 45
圖4-3 瀝青樹脂之SEM分析圖-------------------------------------- 45
圖4-4 GMP之SEM分析圖------------------------------------------ 46
圖4-5 FGMP之SEM分析圖----------------------------------------- 47
圖4-6 SGMP之SEM分析圖----------------------------------------- 47
圖4-7 FGMP型MCMBs在不同成型壓力下生胚之體積密度變化--------------- 49
圖4-8 配比編號#1之碳化塊材表面氣泡狀態--------------------------- 50
圖4-9 配比編號#4之碳化塊材表面氣泡狀態--------------------------- 50
圖4-10 β-resin含量與生胚、碳化塊材及石墨化塊材體積密度之關係-------- 52
圖4-11 不同配方編號所製造之生胚、碳化塊材及石墨化塊材之體積密度------ 53
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