臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在15、20、25及30℃不同定溫下以新鮮豬肉飼養紅胸埋葬蟲(Calosilpha cyaneocephala)，其發育速率隨著溫度的增加而上升，卵期分別為6.8、4.3、2.6與1.9日，幼蟲期分別為32.4、20.4、13.0與11.9日，蛹期分別為15.3、10.1、5.6與5.0日，成蟲期分別為222.1、104.4、62.5與24.2日。卵期、幼蟲期及成蟲期均以15℃最長；30℃最短。卵之發育臨界低溫為10.4℃，有效積溫為36.9日度。一至三齡幼蟲之發育臨界低溫分別為7.2、10.1與6.1℃，有效積溫分別為37.0、29.4與232.7日度。蛹之發育臨界低溫為8.8℃，有效積溫為100.5日度。成蟲平均體長分別為20.3、20.6、19.2與18.4 mm，平均體寬分別為10.1、10.2、9.5與8.9 mm。在四種不同溫度下，成蟲體型在15及20℃明顯大於25及30℃。以豬肉與蠅蛆不同食物下飼養紅胸埋葬蟲，幼蟲期之存活率以豬肉飼養者較高，為94.7％，蠅蛆較低，為9.8％，而成蟲體型亦以豬肉飼養者較大，體長及體寬分別20.6及10.2 mm，蠅蛆較小，體長及體寬分別為17.9及9.2 mm。

The developments of Calosilpha cyaneocephala were studied at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃. The developmental rate increased as the temperatures rose. The egg stages were 6.8, 4.3, 2.6, and 1.9 days, respectively ; the larval stages were 32.4, 20.4, 13.0, and 11.9 days, respectively ; the adult stages were 222.1, 104.4, 62.5, and 24.2 days, respectively. The longest egg stage, larval stage, and adult stage were found under 15℃, and the shortest were under 30℃. The developmental threshold of the egg stage was 10.4℃ and the thermal summation was 36.9 DD. The developmental threshold of the 1st to 3rd instar larvae were 7.2, 10.1, and 6.1℃, respectively, and the thermal summations were 37.0, 29.4, and 232.7 DD. The developmental threshold of the pupal stage was 8.8℃ and the thermal summation was 100.5 DD. Mean body lengths of the adult stages were 20.3, 20.6, 19.2, and 18.4 mm, respectively ; mean body widths were 10.1, 10.2, 9.5, and 8.9 mm, respectively. Body sizes of the adult stages at 15℃ and 20℃were larger than 25℃ and 30℃. The higher survival rate of larval stage of C. cyaneocephala was 94.7％ when reared with pork, and the lower was 9.8％ when reared with fly larva. The bigger body size was found when reared with pork, body lengths and widths were 20.6 and 10.2 mm, and the smaller were 17.9 and 9.2 mm when reared with fly larva.

中文摘要…………………………………………………………………1
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………2
壹、前言…………………………………………………………………4
貳、前人研究……………………………………………………………6
一、分類地位……………………………………………………………6
二、埋葬蟲科之生物學研究…………………………………………....7
三、埋葬蟲科之行為觀察與研究………………………………………9
叁、材料與方法………………………………………………………..12
一、 野外誘集…………………………………………..………...…...12
(一) 供試蟲之取得方法……………………………………….........12
(二) pitfall traps 製作………………………………………………..12
二、供試蟲之飼養………………………………………………....…..13
三、紅胸埋葬蟲之形態的觀察………………………………………..13
四、溫度對紅胸埋葬蟲生長發育的影響………………………….….13
(一) 溫度對於卵期發育及孵化率之影響……………………........13
(二) 溫度對幼蟲期及蛹期發育之影響…………………….….......14
(三) 溫度對成蟲期之影響………………………………….….......14
(四) 溫度對幼蟲各齡期體長、體寬、頭寬及體重之影響……..14
(五) 溫度對蛹期體長、體寬及體重之影響……………………..14
(六) 溫度對成蟲體長、體寬、體重、頭寬及胸寬之影響……..15
(七) 溫度對雌蟲一生產卵量的影響……………………………..15
五、食物對紅胸埋葬蟲生長發育的影響………………………...…..15
(一) 食物對幼蟲期及蛹期發育之影響……………………..........15
(二) 食物對幼蟲各齡期及蛹期體長、體寬與體重之影響……..15
(三) 食物對成蟲期體長、體寬、胸寬及體重之影響…………..16
六、紅胸埋葬蟲之行為觀察…………………………………….……16
(一) 取食偏好之觀察………………………………………….…..16
(二) 交配行為與產卵行為之觀察…………………………….…..16
(三) 產卵偏好之觀察………………………………………….…..16
七、資料統計及分析方法……………………………………….……17
肆、結果…………………………………………………………...…..19
一、紅胸埋葬蟲外部形態特徵…………………………………...…..19
二、溫度對紅胸埋葬蟲生長發育的影響………………………….....22
(一) 溫度對於卵期發育及孵化率之影響…………………….…..22
(二) 溫度對幼蟲期與蛹期生長發育之影響……………………...23
(三) 溫度對成蟲期之影響 ………………………………...…..…23

(四) 溫度對幼蟲各齡期及蛹期體長、體寬、頭寬與體重之影響…24
(五) 溫度對成蟲體長、體寬、頭寬、胸寬及體重之影響……...26
(六) 溫度對雌蟲產卵量的影響………………………………...…28
三、食物對紅胸埋葬蟲生長發育的影響…………………………......28
(一) 食物對幼蟲期與蛹期生長發育之影響…………………...…28
(二) 食物對幼蟲各齡期及蛹期體長、體寬與體重之影響……...28
(三) 食物對成蟲體長、體寬、頭寬、胸寬及體重之影響……...30
四、紅胸埋葬蟲之行為觀察………………………………………..…31
(一) 取食偏好之觀察……………………………………………..31
(二) 交尾行為之觀察……………………………………………..31
(三) 產卵行為之觀察…………………………………………..…32
(四) 產卵偏好之觀察…………………………………………..…32
伍、討論…………………………………………………………...….33
陸、參考文獻……………………………………………………...….38
柒、圖表………………………………………………………………..42

大野正男。1990。指標生物。日本自然保護協會。358頁。
大倉正文。1992。原色日本昆虫圖鑑(上)甲虫篇。日本甲虫學會。274頁。
松香光夫、大野正男、北野日出男、後閑暢夫、松本忠夫。1992。昆虫の生物學。玉川大學出版部。240頁。
岡島秀治、海野和男。1983。日本の甲虫。小學館。190頁。
洪偉峰。2003。利用不同死亡處理方法探討屍體腐敗速率及屍體昆蟲相變化。國立中興大學昆蟲學系研究所碩士論文。95頁。
張永仁。1998a。昆蟲入門。遠流出版事業股份有限公司。191頁。
張永仁。1998b。昆蟲圖鑑。遠流出版事業股份有限公司。367頁。
張永仁。2000。玉山的甲蟲。內政部營建署玉山國家公園管理處。423頁。
張永仁。2004。台灣的昆蟲─甲蟲篇。渡假出版社。239頁。
徐堉峰、楊平世。2006。太魯閣國家公園昆蟲群聚與功能之研究（一）。內政部營建署太魯閣國家公園管理處。79頁。
徐堉峰、楊平世。2007。太魯閣國家公園昆蟲群聚與功能之研究（二）。內政部營建署太魯閣國家公園管理處。152頁。
黃文伯。2002。動物們都死到哪兒去了。林業研究專訊 9:26-28。
黃文伯。2006。埋葬蟲的地下墓穴。台灣博物季刊 25:52-55。
黃文伯。2007a。南北台灣屍食性糞金龜的種類與生態。林業研究專訊 14:41-44。
黃文伯。2007b。環境變遷監測─氣溫對狹溫性甲蟲活動之影響。林業研究專訊 14:7-10。
陳俊憲、陳俊宏、石正人。2002。昆蟲讓屍體說話了－法醫昆蟲學。科學月刊 387:238-247。
陳俊憲、石正人。2003。利用PCR-RFLP及定序分析技術快速鑑定三種屍體上常見麗蠅。台灣昆蟲 23:59-70。
陳俊憲、陳俊宏、石正人。2003。利用豬屍進行食屍性昆蟲相調查。台灣昆蟲 23:71-81。
黑澤良彥、渡边泰明、栗林慧。1987。甲虫。山と溪谷社。239頁。
Anderson, R. S. 1982. On the decreasing abundance of Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in eastern north America. The Coleopterists Bulletin 36: 362-365.
Anderson, R. S. 1984. Potential phylogenetic utility of mating behavior in some carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Silphinae). The Coleopterists' Bulletin 43: 18.
Blackburn, N. D. 1936. Illustrations of external anatomy Silpha americana Linn. (Silphidae, Coleoptera). Ohio Journal of Science 36: 284-299.
Brewer, J.W. and Bacon, T. R. 1975. Biology of the carrion beetle Silpha ramosa Say. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 68: 786-790.
Cho, Y. B. 2004.The patterns on the seasonality and population size of carrion beetles (Coleoptera, Silphidae) in Mt. Sokrisan, Korea. Korean journal of biological sciences 8: 59.
Eggert, A.-K., Reinking, M., and Müller, J.K. 1998. Parental care improves offspring survival and growth in burying beetles. Animal Behaviour 55: 97-107.
Fahrbach, S. E. 2006. Meet the (burying) beetles. Hormones and Behavior 49: 269-272.
Háva, J., Schneider, J., and Růžička, J. 1999. Four new species of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) from China. Entomological Problems 30: 67-82.
Hoback, W.W., Bishop, A.A., Kroemer, J., Scalzitti, J., and Shaffer, J.J. 2004. Differences among antimicrobial properties of carrion beetle secretions reflect phylogeny and ecology. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30: 719-729.
Jenkins, E. V., Morris, C., and Blackman, S. 2000. Delayed benefits of paternal care in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Animal Behaviour 60: 443-451.
Lomolino, M.V., and Creighton, J.C. 1996. Habitat selection, breeding success and conservation of the endangered American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus). Biological Conservation 77: 235-241.
Lomolino, M.V., Creighton, J.C., Schnell, G.D., and Certain, D.L. 1995. Ecology and conservation of the endangered American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus). Conservation Biological 9: 605-614.
Nisimura, T., Kon, M., and Numata, H. 2002. Bimodal life cycle of the burying beetle Nicrophorus quadripunctatus in relation to its summer reproductive diapause. Ecological Entomology 27: 220-228.
Peck, S.B. 1982. The life history of the Japanese carrion beetle Ptomascopus morio and the origins of parental care in Nicrophorus (Coleoptera, Silphidae, Nicrophorini) behavior, evolution. Psyche 89: 107-111.
Robertson, I.C. 1992. Relative abundance of Nicrophorus pustulatus (Coleoptera : Silphidae) in a burying beetle community, with notes on its reproductive. Psyche 99: 189-198.

Růžička, J., Háva J., and Schneider, J. 2000. Taxonomical and distributional notes on Oriental Silphidae, with description of Nicrophorus sausai sp. n. (Insecta: Coleoptera). Reichenbachia, 33: 377-384.
Růžička, J., and Schneider, J. 2002: Distributional records of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India. Klapalekiana 38: 213-225.
Růžička, J., Schneider, J., Sikes, D. S., and Hàva, J. 2002. Distributional records of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) from China, Part II. Klapalekiana 38: 227-253.
Scott, M. P., and Traniello, J. F. A. 1990. Behavioural and ecological correlates of male and female parental care and reoroductive success in burying beetles (Nicrophorus spp.). Animal Behaviour 39: 274-283.
Skłdowski, J., Huruk, S., Baršvskis, A., and Tarasiuk, S. 2005. On the fauna of carrion beetles (Coleoptera, Silphidae) of Mazurian Lakeland. (north-eastern Poland). Protection of Coleoptera in the Baltic Sea Region: 147-153.
Trumbo, S. T. 1990. Reproductive benefits of infanticide in a biparental burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27: 269-273.
Trumbo, S. T. 2006. Infanticide, sexual selection and task specialization in biparental burying beetles. Animal Behaviour 72: 1159-1167.
Trumbo, S. T., and Bloch, P. L. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and burying beetle abundance and success. Journal of Insect Conservation 4: 245-252.
Trumbo, S. T., and Valletta, R. C. 2007. The costs of confronting infanticidal intruders in a burying beetle. Ethology 113: 386-393.
Ulyshen, M.D., and Hanula, J. L. 2004. Diversity and seasonal activity of carrion ceetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in Northeastern Georgia. Journal of Entomological Science 39: 460-463.