臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要探討大學生愛情分手困頓經驗之心理歷程，研究目的一、瞭解困頓經驗的內涵，研究目的二、探究走出愛情分手困頓經驗的心理歷程、研究目的三、瞭解走出愛情分手困頓經驗的意義。本研究之研究對象，以在大學期間曾歷經愛情分手經驗者為主，為大三至大四的學生共三名，其中包含男性一名，以及女性兩名，且皆為被動分手者。本研究以質性研究深度訪談的方式來獲得研究資料，以敘說研究為資料分析的方式來進行本研究，並以三角檢證方式確認分析結果。
研究結果可分為三個部份，在心理歷程脈絡部份：1.渴望在愛情中找到認同；2.高度投入是困頓的起源；3.愛情分手是一種失落的反應；4.再次失落引發的困頓；5.性關係在性別角色方面是有差異的。在核心議題轉化部份：1.在關係中自我的內涵；2.核心議題轉化中的相似性其中包括(1)對自我產生衝擊、(2)試圖維持自我的一致性；3.自我中的獨立與主體互動。在走出愛情分手困頓經驗的部份，依據研究目的與問題，困頓經驗的內涵包含層次一是失去對自我的認同，層次二是自我的空無。有關走出愛情分手困頓經驗的心理歷程，可分為四個時期：1.震驚否認的交錯時期；2.承認失落的困頓時期；3.全然接受的涵容時期；4.再建構的行動時期。有關走出困頓的意義部份，包括：1.痛苦即是轉機；2.離開才瞭解「愛」；3.自我的重新建構。
最後根據本研究的發現，提出對於諮商實務上的建議與研究上的具體建議。

The study explored the mental process of suffering experience from breaking-ups of college students. The aims of this study are to understand the meaning of suffering experience, and to plot the process of suffering experience generating from past break-up experiences. The research participants are subject to senior college students who had been through break-up experience in college period. One male and two female students who had forced to terminate their relationships with the other parties are recruited for the study. On the other hand, the researcher employed qualitative in-depth interview to collect the underlying data. Moreover, narrative research and triangulation technique in validating the results are used in this study.
Three main results are generated here, which discuss the meaning of mental process, the transition of the issues, and the meaning of going through suffering experience. The description of each result is summarized as follows. Firstly, the mental process of break-up experiences signifies the existence of a strong wish to raise self-identity in a romantic relationship, and shows that the origin of suffering comes from personal over-involvement. Furthermore, breaking up from a romance is a kind of loss experience, and repeated loss may lead to suffering experience. Besides, there are different points of view from both gender regarding sexual relationship. Secondly, three core issues have been mentioned as transition to the main subjects, including the meaning of self in a relationship, the similarity of transformed core issues ( i.e. the impact to the self and the effort to remain consistency of the self), and the differentiation and interaction between the self and his/her partner. Thirdly, the meanings of going through suffering experience are twofold: the loss of self and the vanity of self.
Finally, there are four periods which describe the coping process of going through suffering experience: a. the interlace stage of astonishment and denial; b. the suffering stage of loss admission; c. the embracement stage of full acceptance; d. the action stage of re-establishment. Besides, three summarized meaning for going through suffering experience are as follows: a. suffering from loss of a romantic relationship is a transition of life; b. the meaning of love would not be realized until breaking up; c. breaking-up offers an opportunity for re-construction self. Last but not the least, the author raised several feasible suggestions for the practice and study into the field of counseling based on the findings of this study.

第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機與目的 ……………………………………………………..1
第二節 研究範圍之界定 ……………………………………………………..4
第三節 研究限制 ……………………………………………………………..5
第二章 文獻探討…………………………………………………….6
第一節 失落與愛情分手.....................................6
第二節 因應愛情分手之心理歷程…………………………………………..12
第三節 失落與愛情分手之相關研究.............................19
第三章 研究方法與分析步驟………………………………………23
第一節 研究典範……………………………………………………………...23
第二節 研究參與者 …………………………………………………………28
第三節 研究者 ………………………………………………………………31
第四節 研究步驟與資料分析 ………………………………………………33
第五節 資料檢核……………………………………………………………..38
第四章 故事的呈現…………………………………………………42
第一節 故事的敘說……………………………………………………………42
第二節 故事的再理解…………………………………………………………65
第五章 研究結果討論………………………………………………78
第一節 心理歷程脈絡之綜合討論…………………………………………...78
第二節 核心議題轉變之探究………………………………………………...86
第三節 走出愛情分手困頓經驗之心理歷程………………………………...89
第六章 研究反思與建議………………………………………...…104
第一節 研究者的反思………………………………………………………..104
第二節 建議…………………………………………………………………..107
參考資料………………………………………………………………112
附錄……………………………………………………………………121
附錄一 研究邀請函 …………………………………………………………121
附錄二 訪談同意書 …………………………………………………………123
附錄三 訪談大綱…………………………………… ……………………….124
表次…………………………………………………………………………………..11
表次2-1 哀傷歷程中的症狀與經驗……………………………………………11
表次3-1 研究參與者基本資料表 ……………………………………………..29
表次3-2 與研究參與者建立關係歷程表………………………………………29
表次3-3 研究參與者受訪時間表………………………………………………30
圖次……………………………………………………………………..14
圖次2-1 失落與再成長…………………………………………………………14
圖次3-1 研究過程中的再次呈現層級…………………………………………25
圖次3-2 研究脈絡圖 …………………………………………………………..27
圖次3-3 研究步驟圖……………………………………………………………34
圖次4-1 小儒因應分手困頓經驗之脈絡圖……………………………………66
圖次4-2 小儒在歷程中核心議題的轉變………………………………………68
圖次4-3 四月因應分手困頓經驗之脈絡圖……………………………………70
圖次4-4 四月在歷程中核心議題的轉變………………………………………71
圖次4-5 小於因應分手困頓經驗之脈絡圖……………………………………70
圖次4-6 小於在歷程中核心議題的轉變………………………………………73
圖次4-7 自己因應分手困頓經驗之脈絡圖……………………………………76
圖次4-8 自己在歷程中核心議題的轉變………………………………………77
圖次5-1 因應愛情分手困頓經驗之心理歷程與過去失落歷程之比較……..102

Riessman, Catherine Kohler (1993/2003). Narrative analysis.
王勇智、鄧明宇 (譯)。敘說分析。台北：五南。
宋玟靜 (1995)。戀人分手絮語—語言與經驗的交織論述。私立輔仁大學應用心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
Crossley, Michele L.(2000/2004). Introducing narrative psychology - self, trauma and the construction of meaning.
朱儀羚、康翠婷、柯禧慧、蔡欣志、吳芝儀 (譯)。敘事心理與研究---自我、創傷與意義的建構。台北：濤石。
J. Willian Worden (1991/1995).Grief counseling ＆ grief therapy.
李開敏、林方皓、張玉仕、葛書倫 (譯)。悲傷輔導與悲傷治療。台北：心理。
李佩怡 (1996)。台灣地區大學生失落事件、失落反應與調適行為之描述性研究—以北部四所大學為例。中華心理衛生學刊，9(1) , 27-54。
李島鳳 (2003)。依戀愛情關係的女人之敘說研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文，未出版，台北。
余德慧（1996）。文化心理學的詮釋之道。本土心理學研究，6，146-202。
林秋燕(2004)。失戀歷程及復原力展現分析研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
林姿穎(2004)。成人愛情分手復原力模式之研究。暨南國際大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文，未出版，南投。
Yalom, Irvin D.(1980/2003).Existential psychotherapy.
易之新 (譯)。存在心治療(下)---自由、孤獨、無意義。台北：張老師文化。
柯淑敏 (1994)。分手經驗的個人意義—一種故事的觀點。私立輔仁大學應用心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
柯淑敏 (2001)。兩性關係。台北：揚智。
吳麗雲 (2001)。男女分手後的調適與輔導。諮商與輔導，186，40-42。
胡幼慧 (1996)。質性研究---理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。台北：巨流。
孫兆玓 (2004)。情傷經驗者在完形取向諮商中的改變歷程研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
修慧蘭、孫頌賢 (2003)。大學生愛情關係分手歷程之研究。中華心理衛生學刊，15(4)，71-92。
陳恆霖 (1995)。失落與悲傷的認識及其在輔導上的應用。學生輔導通訊，18，36-41。
陳秉華、廖鳳池(1993)。大學學生輔導中心個別諮商服務的評鑑---以國立台灣師範大學學生輔導中心。輔導與諮商學報，1，57-78。
陳勤惠 (2000)。焦慮矛盾依附型的女大學生之情傷經驗研究。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，屏東。
陳宇芝 (2003)。大台北地區大學生性知識、性觀念與性行為之相關研究。中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
許文耀 (2002)。大學生與情侶分手事件後的心理適應及其影響因素之研究。國科會專題研究，NSC 90-2413-H-004-011。
黃君瑜 (2003)。意義追尋與因應對情侶分手後情緒適應之影響---以大學生為例。國立政治大學心理學系博士論文，未出版，台北。
黃淑清 (1998)。失落的因應歷程之探討---以青少年期父(母)親過世的成人為例。國立政治大學教育系碩士論文，未出版，台北。
黃羨斐 (2000)。婚前性行為內在衝突之分析研究---以大學校園與生為例。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
張老師月刊編輯部 (1990)。中國人的愛情觀。台北：張老師。
張高賓 (2003)。單親青少年失落情緒諮商之改變歷程分析研究。屏東師院學報，19，29-66。
張淑芬（1996）：喪子悲傷反應及意義治療的應用。諮商與輔導，127，24-27。
張淑美、劉玲君 (2001)。成年人失落經驗、失落反應及其因應行為之探討。輔導季刊，37(2)，23-29。
張曙笙 (2004)。大學生接觸網路色情、性態度及性行為之調查研究。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義。
張純吉 (1995)。婚前性行為對男女情侶關係的影響。國立台灣大學心理學系碩士論文，未出版，台北。
葉何賢文 (2003)。悲傷調適歷程及生命意義展現之研究 --- 以喪子(女)父母為例。南華大學生死學研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義。
葉霜 (2004)。臨終陪伴經驗對專業助人者自我生命經歷之回朔與開展。國立台北師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
Frankl, Viktor Emil (1983/2004). Man’s search for meaning.
趙可式、沈錦惠譯（2004）。活出意義來。台北：光啟社。
劉惠琴(1995)。 大學生「分手」行為研究-結構因素與歷程因素。國科會專題研究，NSC84-2413-H-031-004。
劉麗娟 (2002)。未婚女性關係中自我的移動。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
Corey, Gerald(2001/2002). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy.
鄭玄藏等 (譯)。諮商與心理治療理論與實務。台北：雙葉。
賴逸琳(2005)。愛情發展與結束歷程中自我的發展。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
龔慧珠 (1992)。面對轉換與失落。學生輔導通訊，22，56-61。
Ann L. Weber(1992/1995). Social psychology.
趙居蓮 (譯)。社會心理學。台北：桂冠。
Weber, Ann L. (1992). The Account-Making Process: A Phenomenological Approach. In Terri L. Orboch (Ed.), Close Relationship Loss, Theoretical Approaches (pp.174-191). New York: Springer-Verlage.
Agnew, Vhristopher R.,(2000).Cognitive interdependence and the experience of relationship loss. In Harvey, John H. & Miller, Eric D.(Eds).Loss and Traum: general and close relationship perspectives(385-398).Brunner-Routledge.
Angela M. Barbara and Kenneth L. Dion(2002). Breaking up is hard to do, especially for strongly preoccupied lovers. Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss, 5 (4), 315-342.
Blumstein, P.＆ Schwartz, P.(1983)American couples: Money, work, sex. New York:Morrow.
Bowlby, J. (1988) Development psychiatry comes of age. American Journal of Psychology, 145, 1-10.
Brown, Joanne(2005). The compelling nature of romantic love: a psychosocial perspective. Psychonanalysis, Culture & Society, 10, 23-43.
Briscoe, W., ＆ Smith, J. (1975). Depression in bereavement and divorce. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 439-443.
Brock Boekhout, Susan S. Hendrick, Clyde Hendrick (2000). The Loss of Loved Ones: The Impact of Relationship Infidelity. In John H. Harvey, ＆ Eric D. Miller. Loss and Trauma: General and Close Relationship Perspective(358-373). PA: Brunner- Philadephia.
Bruner, J. (1986). Actual minds, possible worlds. New York: Plenum Press.
Burgess, E. W.＆ Wallin, P.(1953).Engagement and marriage. New York:Lippincott.
Byne, D., ＆ Clore, G. L. (1970). A reinforcement model of evaluative response. Personlity: An International Journal, 1, 103-128.
Carr, D.(1986). Time, Narrative and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Choo,Patricia,Levine,Timothy,Hatfield,Elaine（1996）Gender,Love Schemas,And Reactions to Romantic Break-Ups.Journal of Social Behavior ＆ Personality,11（5）,143-161.
D’Amdrea, M. and others.(1990).Testing the validity of a four-factor model of personal loss. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 322 488)
Duck, S.(1982). A topography of relationship disengagement and dissolution. In . W. Duck (Ed.), Personal relationhips 4: Dissolving personal relationships (pp.1-30). New York Academic Press.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. NY: Norton.
Frankl, V. E.（1963）. Man’s search for meaning . New York：Washington Square.
Freud, S. (1957). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strachey (Ed. ＆ Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, 14, 239-260.
Frazier, P. A., ＆ Hurliman, L. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder following low and high magnitude events. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Fisher, Bruce(2000). Rebulding: when your relationship ends.
Georgios Vleioras, Harke A. Bosma (2005). Are identity styles important for psychological well-being? Journal of Adolescence, 28, 397-409.
Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological therapy and women’s development. Cambridge , Mass:Harvard University Press.
Harris, Semantha, Moriey, Stephen & Barton, Stephen (2003). Roll los and emotional adjustment in chronic pain. Pan, 105(1/2), 363-314.
Harvey, John(2004). The psychology of close relationship. 2004/09/11, from http://www.thedoctorwilseeyounow.com/articles/feature/behavior/clrel_l/cr6.html
Harvey, John H., Orbuch, Terri L. & Weber, Ann L.(1992). Attribution, Accounts, and Close Relationship. In Harvey, John H., Orbuch, Terri L. & Weber, Ann L.(Eds), Introduction: Convergence of the attribution and accounts concepts in the study of close relationship(1-18). NY: Springer-Verlag.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Pshchology, 52, 511-524.
Hill, C. T., Rubin, Z. ＆ Peplau, L. A. (1976). Breakups before marriage: The end of 103 affairs. Journal of Issues, 32(1), 147-168.
Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace ＆ World.
Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress response syndromes (2nd ed.). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronon.
Humphrey, G. M.,&Zimpher, D. G.,(1996).Counseling for grief and bereavement.London: Sage.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shttered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
Judith A. Murray(2000). Loss as a universal concept: a review of the literature to identify common aspects of loss in diverse situations. Journal of loss and trauma, 6, 219-241.
Jourard, S. M.(1980). Health personalities: An approach from the viewpoint of humanistic psychology. New York: Macmillan.
Kaczmarek, P., Backlund, B., ＆ Biemer, P.(1990). The dynamics of ending a romantic relationship: An empirical assessment of grief. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 319-324.
Kaczmarek, M.G.＆ Backlund, .A.(1991).Disenfranchised grief: The loss of an adolescent romantic relationship. Adolecence, 26(102), 253-260.
Kelley, H. H., ＆ Thibaut, J. E. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York: Wiley.
Kendler, K. C., Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., MacLean, C. J., Sham, P. C., Neale, M. C.,Health, A. C., ＆ Eaves, L. J. (1995). Stressful life events, genetic liability and onset of an episode of major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 933-842.
Kellas, Jody Koening ＆ Manusov, Valerie (2003). ‘What’s in a story ? The relationship between narrative completeness and adjustment to relationship dissolution. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(3), 285-307.
Küber-Ross, E.(1969). On death and dying. New York: Macmillan.
LaGrande, L.(1983). Youth and the disenfranchised breakup. In K. Doka(Ed.) Disenfranchised grief: Recognizing hidden sorrow(pp.173-185).
Lieblich, A. , Mashiach, R., ＆ Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative Research : resding, Analysis and interpretive. CA: Sage.
Lofland, L. H. (1982). Loss and human connection: An exploration into the nature of the social bomd. In Willian Ickes ＆ Eric S. Knowles (Eds.), Personality, Roles, and Social Behavior.(pp.219-242.) New York: Springer-Verlag.
Lott, A. J., ＆ Lott, B. E. (1974). The role of reward in the formation of positive interpersonal attitudes. In T. Huston (Ed.), Foundations of interpersonal attraction(pp.171-189). New York: Academic Press.
Man Cheung Chung; Farmer, Steven; Grant, Keren; Newton, Rebecca; Payne, Sally; Perry, Melissa; Saunders, Jenny; Smith, Charlotte; Stone, Nina (2003). Coping with post-traumatic stress symptoms following relationship dissolution. Stress & Health, 19, 27-36.
Mearns, Jack(1991). Coping with a breakup: negative mood regulation expectancies and depression following the end of a romantic relationship. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(2), 327-334.
McCabe, Marita (2005). Boys want sex, girls want commitment: Does this trade-off still exist? Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 20(2), 139-141.
McCarthy, Christopher J., Lambert, Richard G., Brack, Greg(1997).Structural Model of Coping, Appraisals, and Emotions After Relationship Breakup. Journal of Counseling & Development, 76 (1), 53-65.
Merolla, Andy J., Weber, Keith D., Myers, Scott A., Booth-Butterfield, Melamie. (2004). The impact of past eating relationhip solidarity on commitment, satisfaction, and investment in current relationship. Communication Quarterly, 52(3), 251-264.
Miller, E. D., ＆ Omarzu, J.(1998). New direction in los research. In John H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook(pp.3-20). Washington D.C.: Taylor ＆ Francis.
Mishler, E. G.(1990). Validation in inquiry-guided research: the role of exemplars in Narrative Studie. Harvard Educational Review, 60(4), 415-442.
Murphy, M. C., ＆ Archer, J. (1996). Stressors on the college campus: A comparison of 1985 and 1993. Journal of College Student Development, 37(1), 20-28.
Neiger, B., ＆ Hopkins, R. (1988). Adolescent suicide: Character traits of high-risk teenagers. Adolescence, 23(90), 469-475.
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan & Laron, Judith(1999).Coping with loss. Lodon：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Orbuch, Terri L.(1992). A symbolic interactionit approach to the study of relationship loss. In Orbuch, Terri L.(Eds). Close relationship loss(192-203).NY: Springer-Verlag.
Panish, Nita Lutwak, JacqueileB., Ferrari, Joseph R., & Razzino Brian E.(2001). Shame and guilt and their relationhip to positive expectations and anger expressiveness. Adolecence, 36(144), 640-653.
Patton, M.Q.(1990).Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage Publications, Inc.
Parks, C. M. (1970). The first year of bereavement: A longitudinal study of the reaction of London widows to death of husbands. Psychiatry, 3, 444-467.
Polkinghron,D. E. (1988). Phenomenological Research Method. Existential- Phenomenological Perspectives in psychology. NY : Plenum press.
Rogers, C., R.(1959). A theory of therapy, Peronality, and interpersonal relationship, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch(Eds.), Pychology: A study of science, 3, Formulation of the person and social concext. (184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Robak, Rostyslaw W., Weitzman, Steven P（1998）.The Nature of Grief：Loss of Love Relationships in Young Adulthood. Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss, 3,205-217.
Rusbult, C. E.(1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development (and deterioration) of satisfaction and commitment in heterosezual involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 101-117.
Speer, Rachel Lee (1998). Coping with romantic relationship dissolution. York University (Canada). MA.
Susan Sprecher(1992). Ocial Exchange Perspectives on the Dissolution of Close Relationship. In Terri L. Orboch (Ed.), Close Relationship Loss, Theoretical Approaches (pp.174-191). New York: Springer-Verlage.
Tashiro, T.,& Frazier, P.(2003).I’llnever be in a relationship like that again:Personal growth following romantic relationship breakups, Personal Relationships, 10, 113-128.
Tedeshi, R. G., ＆ Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma ＆ transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oak, CA, USA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Thibaut, J. W., ＆ Kelley, H. H. (1959).The social psychology of group. New York: Wiley.
Wood, D.(1991) Paul Ricoeur: Narrative and interpretation. London: Routledge.