臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

二十一世紀是邁向全球化及知識經濟的時代。對於跨國企業而言，如何將資源及能力透過適當分配(allocation)，以求在國際舞台上有最佳發揮空間與績效，做好全球佈局(configuration)，是一個重要課題。而進入模式(entry mode)的選擇適當與否，對跨國企業的全球策略運用扮演一個關鍵角色。且在知識經濟時代，企業創造利潤的關鍵已從過去的天然資源、勞力和土地，轉變為知識。知識已成為企業最重要的策略性資源(Grant, 1996)。知識的管理、有效利用與移轉，亦成為跨國企業關注的課題。在母公司與子公司知識移轉(knowledge transfer)中，知識特性(knowledge characteristics)與進入模式(entry mode)的關係，且進入模式中，移轉機制(transfer mechanism)的選擇，對跨國企業活動多有影響。本研究從交易成本理論(transaction cost theory)及資源基礎觀點(resource-based views)探討跨國公司知識移轉關係與評估其對跨國企業拓展之影響。
研究觀念架構分為五大部分：(1)知識特質；(2)進入模式；(3)知識移轉機制；(4)吸收能力；(5)移轉效能，依此提出六項假設。研究對象以製造業為主，依中華徵信所2002年台灣地區5000大企業調查為對象，篩選出食品及菸類製造業、紡織工業、製鞋業、造紙業、化學業、電機及電子機械器材業等六種產業進行問卷調查，採便利抽樣，總共寄發500份問卷。回收問卷83份，扣除無效問卷，有效樣本數為74份。
研究發現：(1) 知識內隱性與進入模式之間有正向關係；(2) 知識複雜性與進入模式之間有正向關係；(3) 不同的進入模式與移轉機制之間的關係並無顯著差異；(4) 編碼性移轉機制之移轉效能較人員互動移轉機制之移轉效能顯著；(5) 吸收能力會影響知識移轉機制與移轉效能之間的關係。在個人吸收能力下，人員互動移轉機制與知識學習是負相關；而編碼性移轉機制與知識學習是正相關。在組織吸收能力下，此二種知識移轉機制與知識應用及技術創新之關係是正相關。
從回收樣本發現，台灣製造業跨國公司其海外據點大多集中於亞洲地區，近幾年尤其著重在大陸市場的佈局，且活動主要以生產製造為主，行銷業務為輔，與個案訪談發現相互呼應。而台灣製造業跨國公司在進入模式的選擇，以地主國心態為主，多採取股權式進入模式，且以成本為主要決策考量。因此，即使近年來跨國公司已體認到知識管理對整體競爭優勢的重要性，但在實務運作及決策上，尚未突顯知識的重要性。
本研究從知識移轉角度探討跨國企業海外市場進入模式與知識移轉關係：包括從交易成本理論與資源基礎觀點探討知識特質與進入模式之間的關係，並從知識移轉角度探討進入模式與移轉機制關係，具體了解跨國公司知識移轉情形。而進入模式決策因素與各產業回收樣本不均，為本研究限制。後續研究，則建議可考慮增加其他影響進入模式決策之因素、在探討知識特質與進入模式關係時加入知識種類進行研究、可將研究對象跨大為製造業與服務業。如此，將可提供跨國企業於進入模式及移轉方式選擇參考架構，以期保有持續性競爭優勢，在國際舞台綻放光芒。

The 21st century is a globalization and knowledge economy age. For the transnational corporations, it is an important topic how they allocate suitably the resources and the capabilities in order to have the best performance on the international stage and prepare their global configuration. And an appropriate choice of the entry mode plays a key role in the global strategy of the transnational corporations. In the past, the critical factors by which the company creates its profit were natural resources, labor, and land. But in the knowledge economy age, the critical factor is knowledge. It is generally accepted that knowledge ranks first in the hierarchy of strategically relevant resources. The management, effective utilization, and transfer of knowledge have become a critical topic for the transnational corporation. And in the process of knowledge transfer between parent company and subsidiary, relationship between knowledge characteristics and entry mode, and the choice of knowledge transfer mechanism would influence activities of the transnational corporation. This study explores knowledge transfer relation on transnational corporations from cost transaction theory and resource-based view and evaluates influence of knowledge transfer on expanding borders of transnational corporations.
Research framework is divided into 5 parts: (1) knowledge characteristics; (2) entry mode; (3) knowledge transfer mechanism; (4) absorptive capacity; (5) effectiveness of knowledge transfer. From this framework, 6 hypotheses were proposed for later test. The subject of this study was the Taiwanese manufacturing industries, including the food & cigarette, textile, shoemaking, paper-making, chemical, and electrical machinery & electronic device industries. According to the large business ranking of top 5000 by China Credit Information Service, Ltd., this study adopted convenience sampling and sent 500 copies of the questionnaire, of which 83 were returned. By eliminating 9 invalid responses, there remained74.
Research findings include the following: (1) the correlation between tacitness of knowledge and entry mode is positive; (2) the correlation between complexity of knowledge and entry mode is positive; (3) different entry modes have no significant difference not only in codified transfer mechanism but also in interpersonal transfer mechanism; (4) the transfer effectiveness of codified transfer mechanism is better than that of interpersonal transfer mechanism; (5) absorptive capacity would affect the relationship between knowledge transfer mechanism and effectiveness of knowledge transfer. Interpersonal transfer mechanism based on individual absorptive capacity has negative relation with knowledge learning; nevertheless, codified transfer mechanism based on individual absorptive capacity has a positive relation to knowledge learning. Then, these two transfer mechanisms based on the organization’s absorptive capacity have positive relation to knowledge application and technology innovation.
According to the returned samples, the locations of the overseas subsidiaries of the Taiwanese manufacturing industry mostly focus on Asian area. In recent years, they have paid particular attention to the configuration in China. The first important activity is manufacturing, and the secondary is marketing. The findings are consistent with the case study. The choice of entry mode for transnational corporations of the Taiwanese manufacturing industry is largely based on ethnocentrism and adopts equity-based entry mode. Cost is the main factor of making entry mode decision. Although transnational corporations have realized the importance of knowledge management in attaining overall on competitive advantage, its importance has not yet been fully put into practical operation.
This research explores the relationship between entry mode into foreign market and knowledge transfer of transnational corporations in terms of knowledge transfer, including investigating the relationship between knowledge characteristics and entry mode from transaction cost theory and resource-based view, and exploring the relationship between different entry modes and transfer mechanism from knowledge transfer perspective. Research limitations include the following: (1) other factors would affect the entry mode decision, but not be taken account in this study; (2) the valid samples of each industry are not equal. For the future research, this research suggests: (1) incorporating other important factors of entry mode; (2) adding the types of knowledge when exploring relationship between knowledge characteristics and entry mode; (3) including manufacturing and service industries as subject population. Then, the research can provide a referable frame of choice between entry mode and knowledge transfer mechanism in order to attain competitive advantage.

ABSTRACT IN CHINESE……………………………………………………….i
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH……………………………………………………..iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………..vi
CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………….vii
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………..xii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS………………………………………………...xiv
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION…….………………………………………………………1
Research Background…………………………………………………1
Research Motives…..…… …………………………………………2
Research Questions.…..………………………….……………… 3
Research Objectives.…..………………………….………………4
2. LITERATURE REVIEWS…………………...…………….……...……..5
Knowledge Characteristics……………..… …………………….5
The Definition of Knowledge……………………………………5
Knowledge Characteristics…………………………………… 6
Types of Knowledge……………………………………………… 8
Summary…………………………………………………………… 10
Entry Mode……………………………………………………………11
Entry Mode…………………………………………………………11
Summary…………………………………………………………… 14
Knowledge Transfer Mechanism……………………………………15
The Definition of Knowledge Transfer………………………15
Knowledge Transfer Mode……………………………………… 16
Knowledge Transfer Mechanism…………………………………16
Summary…………………………………………………………… 19
Absorptive Capacity……………………………………………… 20
The Definition of Absorptive Capacity…………………… 20
Absorptive Capacity…………………………………………… 20
Summary…………………………………………………………… 22
Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer………………………… 22
The Definition of Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer.22
Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer……………………… 23
Summary…………………………………………………………… 25
Relationship between Knowledge Characteristics
and Entry Mode………………………………………………………26
Transaction Cost Theory……………………………………… 26
Resource-Based View…………………………………………… 27
Summary…………………………………………………………… 28
Relationship between Entry Mode and Knowledge
Transfer Mechanism…………………………….………………… 28
The Relationship between Entry Mode and Knowledge
Transfer Mechanism……………………………………………..28
Summary…………………………………………………………… 29
Relationship between Knowledge Transfer Mechanism and
Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer……………………………30
The Relationship between Knowledge Transfer Mechanism
and Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer……………………30
Summary………………………………………………………………31
Relationship among Absorptive Capacity, Knowledge Transfer
Mechanism, and Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer……… 31
The Relationship among Absorptive Capacity,
Knowledge Transfer Mechanism,
and Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer………………....31
Summary………………………………………………………………32
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………... 33
Conceptual Framework………………………………………………33
Research Hypotheses……………………………………………… 35
Operational Definition..…………………………………………40
Questionnaire Design……………………………….…………… 43
Subject Population…………………….………………………… 43
Data Collection…………………………………………………….44
Analytic Methods……………………………………………………44
4. DATA ANALYSIS……….……………………………..……………… 48
Reliability and Validity…………………………………………48
Validity………………………………………………………… 48
Reliability……………………………………………………….49
Analysis of Data from Samples………………………………… 50
Response Rate…………………………………………………… 50
Response Information……………………………………………51
The Correlations between the Constructs…………………… 60
Knowledge Transfer Mechanism……………………………………61
Confirmatory Factor Analysis…………………………………61
Absorptive Capacity……………………………………………… 62
Confirmatory Factor Analysis…………………………………62
Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer………………………… 63
Confirmatory Factor Analysis…………………………………63
Relationship between Knowledge Characteristics and
Entry Mode……………………………………………………………64
Correlation Analysis………………………………………… 64
Relationship between Entry Mode and
Knowledge Transfer Mechanism…………………………….…… 66
One-Way MANOVA…………………………………………..…… 66
Relationship between Knowledge Transfer Mechanism and
Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer………………………… 68
Canonical Correlation Analysis……………………….……68
Relationship among Absorptive Capacity,
Knowledge Transfer Mechanism,
and Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer…………………….69
Canonical Correlation Analysis……………………….……69
Discussion………………………………………………………… 73
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS…………………………………...…80
Conclusions………………………………………………………… 80
Managerial Implication……………………………………………81
Research Contributions……………………………………………82
Research Limitations………………………………………………84
Suggestions for Future Research……………………………… 84
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………86
APPENDIX 1─QUEATIONNAIRE....………………………………………… 91
APPENDIX 2─A CASE STUDY OF TATUNG COMPANY..………………….. 95
APPENDIX 3─CHINESE ABSTRACT………………………………………….102
VITA………………………………………………………………………….130

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