臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

為瞭解台灣紅羽土雞對不同方式的球蟲控制方法之保護效力及對生長性狀之影響而進行本研究。選擇504隻1日齡之土雞，於4日齡時選擇健康小雞分為A、B、C、D、E、F六組，每組各42隻，每組二重複， ♂♀各半，混飼平養。A為對照組，從試驗開始到試驗結束，全程不用球蟲藥，也不攻毒；B為負對照組；C組添加中草藥(COCCI-GUARD)；D組全程使用Cygro，為氰胺公司出產之抗球蟲藥；E組使用Maduramicin；F組使用Coccivac疫苗，為Schering Plough Animal Health Company之產品，在6日齡時，經口投與Coccivac 1劑量。B組球蟲藥使用到5.2週停止用藥，除A對照組外，其餘各組在6週齡時以台灣氰胺公司提供之E. tenella芽胞化卵囊，經嗉囊攻毒，每隻投與1.4´106之卵囊數。試驗期間分別在4、6、7、8、10週測定增重、飼料量、飼料效率、死亡率等資料，並在3、6、7週依欄位不同隨機取糞便檢測球蟲卵囊數量，並在第7週從健存雞隻任選取♂2隻及♀3隻剖檢，檢查腸道病變值。
不同的控制方式顯示不同的保護效果與不同程度的生長影響。Cygro的添加顯示最好的保護能力、飼料性能、存活率與增重、糞便中蟲卵數量、腸道病變值及FCR(feed conversion rate)都明顯優於其他各組，在統計上呈現顯著的差異(P <0.05)。COCCI-GUARD之添加並不能有效保護球蟲毒株之攻擊，但在攻毒後之飼料性能回復有良好表現。Maduramicin與疫苗組和負對照組比較，腸道病變值較輕(P <0.05)，但在增重和飼效上和負對照組差異不顯著，顯然此兩種處理不能提供良好的保護。Maduramicin和Cygro雖屬相同之化學成分，但屬不同的生產廠商，因劑型及製程不同呈現不同的抗球蟲效果，其真正原因尚待探討。疫苗組並無法耐過強毒的攻擊，仍有大量死亡。顯然球蟲疫苗的免疫保護能力仍待進一步之確認，相關問題如免疫方法、免疫程序、疫苗種類、免疫日齡等都有待更深入的探討與研究，以獲得更理想之免疫保護效果。

This study was to investigate the protection efficacy of different Coccidiosis controlling methods, and also the effect on growth performance in Taiwan red-feather native broilers. At day 4, 504 healthy chicks on floor pen were divided into 6 treatments, each treatment had 2 replicates; 42 chicks on each treatment, male and female were equally mingled on each pen during trials. Treatment A was positive control, which neither anticoccidial drug inclusion in feed nor coccidial challenges were used during the entire trial period. Treatment B was negative control, which anticoccidial drug was included till week 5.2. Treatment C used Chinese herb COCCI-GUARDâ (500 ppm dose). Treatment D contains Cygro (anticoccidial drug, Cyanamid Co.). Treatment E used Maduramicin (anticoccidial drug from Shandong Chilu, China). Treatment F used Coccivacä vaccine(Shering Plough Animal Health). At week 6, all treatments except treatment A were inoculated with sporulated oocytes of E. tenella provided from Cyanamid Co. at 1.4´ 106 per bird through crop administration. Birds from Treatment F were dosed 1 Coccivacä at day 6 orally. During the trial, body weight、feed consumption、and mortality were recorded at week 4, 6, 7, 8, 10. The feces were randomly obtained from litter of each pen at week 3, 6, 7 to count the coccidial oocytes. At week 7, autopsy were performed for 2 male and 3 female birds from each pen to examine the intestinal leision score.
The results indicated that different Coccidiosis controlling methods lead to various protection efficacy and growth performance. Comparing with negative control, Cygro significantly showed better protection efficacy, FCR, livability, body weight gain, lower oocyte counts in feces, and leision score (p<0.05). COCCI-GUARDâ didn’t exhibit enough protection capability under coccidial oocytes challenges, but with better resilience on performance afterwards. Maduramicin and Coccivacä, compared with negative control, showed significantly better protection effect in terms of mortality and leision score (p<0.05), while no difference was observed on FCR and weight gain. Maduramicin and Cygro, same chemical composition but different manufacturing origins, had the different anticoccidial effect. Whether both had different carrier or process need to be further studied. In this trial, enormous deaths in Coccivacä treatment showed the failure to sustain the E. tenella challenges, indicating that coccidial vaccine protection efficacy still require further study on the vaccination method, including administration, age, procedure, vaccine kind etc. to solidify actual immunity and protection.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 III
誌謝 V
目錄 VII
圖表索引 X
第1章 緒言 1
第2章 文獻探討 2
2.1 雞球蟲之生物學上分類 2
2.2 雞球蟲病的發生、種類、特性與病害 2
2.2.1 雞球蟲病之發生 2
2.2.2 球蟲之特性、病症與危害 3
2.2.2.1 Eimeria acervulina 3
2.2.2.2 Eimeria tenella 3
2.2.2.3 Eimeria necatrix 3
2.2.2.4 Eimeria maxima 3
2.2.2.5 Eimeria brunetti 4
2.2.2.6 Eimeria praecox 4
2.2.2.7 Eimeria mitis 4
2.3 雞球蟲之生活史(Life cycle) 4
2.3.1 孢子生殖期(Sporogony) 5
2.3.2 裂殖生殖期(Schizogony, merogony) 5
2.3.3 配子生殖期(Gametogony) 7
2.4 球蟲病的控制與球蟲藥物之發展 7
2.4.1 球蟲藥之發展 8
2.4.2 各種球蟲藥作用高峰期 8
2.4.3 球蟲藥之耐藥性及敏感性降低問題 8
2.4.4 抗球蟲藥之使用方法 12
2.4.4.1 連續用藥法(Full program) 12
2.4.4.2 漸增或漸減法(Step-up or step-down program) 12
2.4.4.3 輪換用藥法(Rotation program) 12
2.4.4.4 穿梭用藥法(Shuttle program) 12
2.4.4.5 聯合用藥法(Shuttle-rotation or combination program) 12
2.4.5 球蟲之其他控制方法 12
2.4.5.1 自然免疫保護 13
2.4.5.2 飼料營養之調整 13
2.4.5.3 其他藥物與中草藥 13
2.5 球蟲之免疫與疫苗發展 13
2.5.1 球蟲免疫 13
2.5.1.1 非特異性免疫 14
2.5.1.2 特異性免疫 14
2.5.2 疫苗之發展 14
第3章 材料與方法 17
3.1 材料 17
3.1.1 畜舍設備 17
3.1.2 試驗動物 17
3.1.3 試驗飼料與營養 17
3.1.4 試驗藥品與疫苗 20
3.1.5 攻毒之Eimeria tenella球蟲之分離與純化 20
3.1.5.1 糞便中收集球蟲 20
3.1.5.2 球蟲人工感染雞隻的卵囊準備 20
3.1.5.3 E. tenella的分離與增殖 21
3.1.6 器俱 21
3.2 方法 21
3.2.1 飼養管理 21
3.2.2 球蟲疫苗預防接種與一般防禦程序 22
3.2.3 試驗設計與分組 22
3.2.4 雞舍排列 24
3.2.5 球蟲攻毒、劑量、時間與方法 24
3.2.6 試驗評估項目 24
3.2.7 生長性能之評估方法 24
3.2.8 球蟲卵囊計算法 27
3.2.9 盲腸病變值之測定法(Lesion score) 27
3.2.10 統計學分析 29
第4章 結果 32
4.1 Eimeria tenella 攻毒後對雞隻及其存活率之影響 32
4.2 E. tenella 攻毒後對增重及體重之影響 32
4.3 E. tenella 攻毒後對採食量之影響 37
4.4 E. tenella 攻毒後對飼料效率之影響 37
4.5 E. tenella 攻毒後7天剖檢腸道病變值 37
4.6 E. tenella 攻毒前後糞便中卵囊數之變化 41
第5章 討論 47
參考文獻 53
作者簡介 60

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