臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

英國維多利亞時代社會有著繁榮、多元與活力的樣貌。但是，隨著外來人口不斷地增加與產業革命帶來的變革，使得倫敦城呈現了兩種樣貌——貧窮與富裕、道德衰敗與彬彬有禮。為了保持社會秩序，倫敦警察部門重新編制，企圖達到預防犯罪與維護社會治安。可是，因警察公務繁雜，以及無法全面深入犯罪率高的倫敦東城，因而產生治安死角。
維多利亞時代因印刷技術提升、稅制改革，報紙產量與規模擴大，人人皆可輕易買到各樣的報紙、雜誌。消息的傳播與更新較以前是相當快速，加上出現新的報刊文化——新新聞(new journalism)，造成開膛手傑克(Jack the Ripper)得到前所未有的宣傳。此現象不僅展現傑克囂張的態度，還將警察面對開膛手傑克的無能曝露在市民眼下。殘酷的傑克與無能的警察，加速了市民的恐慌與開始質疑英國改革運動的缺失與應該如何彌補改善。
在19世紀晚期報刊媒體、警察部門與開膛手傑克，三者互動下，顯示警察部門挫折、失敗與受限於新聞輿論，開膛手傑克名聲遠播，報刊業者則因開膛手新聞提升了銷售量。本文藉這三方緯度，討論19 世紀媒體對此案的報導，探討媒體如何形塑開膛手，以及對公權力運轉的侷限，進而論述媒體「製作」的影響與事件效應。

News spread in a faster pace during the Victorian era than before due to improvement in printing technologies, increase in literacy, and expansion in newspaper production. It was this emerging news culture, which contributed to the increasing notoriety of Jack the Ripper. The news coverage of Jack the Ripper that increased sales in newspaper and made Jack the Ripper better known. The extensive coverage instigated fear into the general public by showing the arrogance of Jack the Ripper and incompetence of the police.
This thesis will focus on the usage of newspaper reports of Jack the Ripper to discuss how the news media shaped the image of Jack the Ripper, the impact of Jack the Ripper on the image of the police force, and the social settings in London during the nineteenth century.

目錄

緒　論 1

第一章　繁榮下的黑暗面 12
第一節　維多利亞時期的英國社會 13
第二節　維多利亞時期的治安維護 17
第三節　黑暗的區域——東城 28
第四節　小結 40

第二章　劃破寧靜的開膛手 43
第一節　猖狂的傑克 44
第二節　警方的反應 55
第三節　失控的媒體 66
第四節　小結 81

第三章　「製作」開膛手傑克 83
第一節　傑克與警察 84
第二節　傑克效應及其影響 112
第三節　小結 140

結　論 142

徵引資料 146

附　錄 156

徵引資料

史料：
一、專書與文章
“Official Text of The Public Health Act, 1875” (Text of the statute as originally enacted, 線上PDF), (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1875/55/pdfs/ukpga_18750055_en.pdf, accessed: 2013.2.7).
“The Charles Booth Online Archive” (http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/4.html, accessed: 2013.1.23).
Augustyn,Brian, Michael Mignola, P. Craig Russell, David Hornung & John Workman, Batman: Gotham by Gaslight. Dc Comics, 2006.
Evans, Stewart P. and Keith Skinner. Jack the Ripper: Letters form Hell. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2001.
Fishman, W. J. The Streets of East London: with Photographs by Nicholas Breach. Nottingham: Five Leaves, 2006.
Hutchinson, Philip. The Jack the Ripper Location Photographs: Dutfields Yard and the Whitby Collection. Amberley, 2009.
John Thomson, text by John Thomson and Adolphe Smith. Victorian London Street Life in Historic Photographs. New York: Dover Publications, 1994.
Jones, Richard. Jack the Ripper: The Casebook. London: Andre Deutsch, 2010.
Jones, Steve. The Illustrated Police News: Victorian Court Cases and Sensational Stories. U.K.: Wicked Publications, 2002.
Moore, Alan. From Hell. Eddie Campbell Comics, 1999.
Stratmann, Linda. Cruel Deeds and Dreadful Calamities: The Illustrated Police News, 1864-1938. London: British Library, 2011.
Walasek, Helen edited. The Best of Punch Cartoons. NY : Overlook Press, 2009.

二、報紙與雜誌
Lemon, Mark, Henry Mayhew and Tom Taylor et al. Punch vol.95. London : Punch Publications Ltd., etc.
Lemon, Mark, Henry Mayhew and Tom Taylor et al. Punch vol.96. London : Punch Publications Ltd., etc.
Lemon, Mark, Henry Mayhew and Tom Taylor et al. Punch vol.97. London : Punch Publications Ltd., etc.
Lemon, Mark, Henry Mayhew and Tom Taylor et al. Punch vol.98. London : Punch Publications Ltd., etc.
Lemon, Mark, Henry Mayhew and Tom Taylor et al. Punch vol.99. London : Punch Publications Ltd., etc.
The Fun, U.K., 1888.
The Guardian, London, 1882-1891.
The Manchester Guardian, U.K., 1882-1891.
The Star, U.K., 1888.
The Times, London, 1882-1891.
The Illustrated London news. (London: William Little), 1884.
The Illustrated London news. (London: William Little), 1888-1889.

三、中文專書
H. G. 威爾斯著，蔡伸章譯，《時間機器》，臺北縣：新雨出版，2001年10月。
羅勃‧路易斯‧史蒂文生著，范明瑛譯，《化身博士》，臺北市：遠流出版，2013年3月。

出版專書：
一、外文部分
Beattie, J. M. Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800. Oxford: Princeton Univ. Press, 1986.
Chisholm, Alexander, DiGrazia, Christopher-Michael & Yost; foreword by Paul Begg. The News from Whitechapel: Jack the Ripper in the Daily Telegraph. Mcfarland & Co Inc Pub; annotated edition edition, 2002.
Clark, Sandra. Women and Crime in the Street Literature of Early Modern England. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Dimolianis, Spiro. Jack the Ripper and Black Magic: Victorian Conspiracy Theories, Secret Societies and the Supernatural Mystique of the Whitechapel Murders. London: Mcfarland & Company, Inc., 2011.
Emsley, Clive and Haia Shpayer-Makov. Police Detectives in History, 1750-1950. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, c2006.
Emsley, Clive. Crime and Society in England, 1750-1900. Harlow; New York: Longman, 2010.
Emsley, Clive. The English Police: A Political and Social History. New York: Longman, c1996.
Gaskill, Malcolm. Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Gordon, R. Michael. The American Murders of Jack the Ripper: Tantalizing Evidence of the Gruesome American Interlude of the Prime Ripper Suspect. The Lyons Press, 2005.
Gray, Adrian. Crime and Criminals of Victorian London. U.K.: The History Press Ltd, 2011.
Gray, Drew D. London's Shadows: The Dark Side of the Victorian City. London; New York: Continuum, 2010.
Hunt, Tristram. Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004.
King, Peter. Crime Justice and Discretion in England, 1740-1820. Oxford: Oxford University, 2000.
L. Perry Curtis, Jr. Jack the Ripper and the London Press. New Haven: Yale University Press, c2001.
McLynn, Frank. Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-century England. Oxford: Oxford University, 1991.
Meikle, Denis. Jack the Ripper: The Murders and the Movies. London: Reynolds & Hearn Ltd., 2002.
Mitchell, Sally. Daily Life in Victorian England. London: Greenwood Press, 2009.
Montgomery, Fiona & Christine Collette eds. The European Women's History Reader. London: Routledge Chapman & Hall, 2002.
Morris, R. J. & Richard Rodger eds. The Victorian City: A Reader in British Urban History, 1820-1914. London: Longman, c1993.
Newland, Paul. The Cultural Construction of London's East End: Urban Iconography, Modernity and the Spatialisation of Englishness. New York: Rodopi, 2008.
O'Neill, Gilda. The Good Old Days: Crime, Murder and Mayhem in Victorian London. New York : Penguin Books, 2006.
Owen, David. The Government of Victorian London, 1855-1889: The Metropolitan Board of Works, the Vestries, and the City Corporation. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982.
Palmer, Alan Warwick. The East End: Four Centuries of London Life. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2000.
Palmer, Alan. The East End: Four Centuries of London Life. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2000.
Reynolds, Elaine A. Before the Bobbies: The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1720-1830. Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Ryder, Stephen P. Public Reactions to Jack the Ripper. Madison, WI: Inklings Press, 2006.
Searle, R. G. A New England? Peace and War 1886-1918. Oxford: OUP, 2005.
Stead, Philip John. The Police of Britain. New York: Macmillan, c1985.
Steinbach, Susie L. Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-century. Britain London ; New York : Routledge, 2012.
Storey, Neil R. A Grim Almanac of Jack the Ripper's London, 1870-1900. Stroud: Sutton, 2004.
Storey, Neil R. East End murders: From Jack the Ripper to Ronnie Kray. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History, 2008.
Taylor, David. Hooligans, Harlots, and Hangmen: Crime and Punishment in Victorian Britain. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2010.
Thomas, Donald. The Victorian Underworld. London: John Murray, 2003.
Walkowitz, Judith R. City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London. Chicago: Chicago Press, 1992.
Warwick, Alexandra and Martin Willis. Jack the Ripper: Media, Culture, History. New York: Distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave, 2007.
Werner, Alex. Jack the Ripper and the East End. London : Chatto & Windus, 2008.

二、中文部分
［美］W. J. T.（米歇爾）著，陳永國、胡文徵譯，《圖像理論》，北京市：北京大學出版，2007年3月。
James Curran & Jean Seaton著，魏玓、劉昌德譯，《有權無責：英國的報紙與廣電媒體》，臺北市：國立編譯館，2001年9月。(Curran, James & Jean Seaton. Power Without Responsibility: The Press and Broadcasting in Britain. London: Routledge, 1997.)
安伯托．艾可(Umberto Eco)著，彭淮棟譯，《醜的歷史》，臺北市：聯經出版，2008年10月。
佛雷德里克．巴比耶(Frédéric Barbier)著，劉陽譯，《書籍的歷史》，臺北市：五南圖書，2007年1月。
派翠西亞‧康薇爾著，王瑞徽譯，《開膛手傑克結案報告》，臺北市：臉譜出版，2004年3月。(Cornwell, Patricia. Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper Case Closed. Cornwell Enterprises, Inc., 2002.)
孫遜、楊劍龍主編，《都市空間與文化想像》，上海市：上海三聯書店，2008年10月。
島田莊司著，郭清華譯，《開膛手傑克的百年孤寂》，臺北市：皇冠出版，2009年9月。(島田 荘司，《切り裂きジャック・百年の孤独》，東京都：集英社，1988年。)
賀利思著，宋美瑩譯，《倫敦的崛起：知識份子打造的城市》，臺北市：貓頭鷹出版，2011年3月。(Hollis, Leo. London Rising: The Men Who Made Modern London. New York: Walker & Company, 2008.)
讓-諾埃爾．讓納內(Jean-Noël Jeanneney)著，段慧敏譯，《西方媒介史》，臺北市：五南圖書，2007年6月。

期刊文章、學位論文

一、外文部分
期刊文章：
Chisholm, Alexander. “An Analysis of The Star´s Coverage of the Whitechapel Murders,” (http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/staranalysis.html, accessed: 2012.8.5).
Evans, Stewart P. “Suspect and Witness: The Police Viewpoint,” Ripper Notes (July 2005). (http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/rn-witness.html, accessed: 2012.8.5).
Keppel, Robert D., Joseph G. Weis, Katherine M. Brown and Kristen Welch. “The Jack the Ripper Murders: A Modus Operandi and Signature Analysis of the 1888–1891 Whitechapel Murders,” Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2005(2), pp.1-21.
Marsh, James W. “Sir Charles Warren and the Bloodhounds,” Ripperologist, No. 9, (February 1997). (http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/rip-chasblood.html, accessed: 2012.8.5.)
Schoeneman, Brian W. “Crisis for Scotland Yard: A Crisis Management Based Analysis of the Whitechapel Murders,” (http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/schoeneman-crisis.html, accessed: 2012.8.5).
Spicer, Gerard. “The Thames Torso Murders of 1887-89,” (http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/thames-torso-murders.html, accessed: 2012.4.16).
Walkowitz, Judith R. “Jack the Ripper and the Myth of Male Violence,” Feminist Studies, 1982, 8(3), pp. 542-574.

學位論文：
LaDow, Sarah E. Ripper Novels: Mary Elizabeth Braddon's “Rough Justice”, Marie Corelli's “Wormwood”, and Marie Belloc Lowndes' “The Lodger.” Purdue University: Ph.D., 2010.
Lonsdale, Kathleen Courtney. Realizing the Ripper: Dismemberment and the Ordering of Victorian Culture. University of Southern California: Ph.D., 2004.
Minnie, Rachel Mayrer. Behind the Ripper's Mask: Representing Jack the Ripper in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries. University of Delaware: Ph.D., 2008.
Warkentin, Elyssa Danae. Cherchez Les Femmes: Textual Representations of Jack the Ripper's Victims, 1888-1914. University of Alberta: Ph.D., 2007.

二、中文部分
期刊文章：
江慶興撰，〈英國警察發展之研究 〉，《警學叢刊》，21(1)，1990年9月，頁60-75。
江慶興撰，〈談英國之警民關係〉，《警政學報》，第16期，1989年12月，頁69-82。
吳鐵穩、張亞東撰，〈英國大倫敦員警建立初探〉，《法學研究》，第13卷第1期，2010年1月，頁73-77。
吳鐵穩、張亞東撰，〈羅伯特•皮爾與英國現代員警制度的建立〉，《學海》，第2期，2009，頁171-174。
許志強撰，〈18世紀倫敦的暴力搶劫與偷盜活動——對其犯罪形式及其狀況的分析〉，《歷史教學問題》，第二期，2009，頁69-72。
陳重仁，〈開膛手傑克的魅惑：道德懲戒、理性規訓與醫療想像〉，《文化研究》，第6期，2008年3月，頁107-152。
黃蘭媖撰，〈英國警察角色的演變與犯罪預防〉，《犯罪學期刊》，8(2)，2005年12月，頁37-84。
楊松濤撰，〈近代早期英國犯罪史學述評〉，《世界歷史》，第四卷，2007，頁123-132。
學位論文：
陳重仁撰，〈病理、變態與治理：論維多利亞的感染論述〉，國立臺灣師範大學英語研究所博士論文，2010年2月。
曾靜欽撰，〈警察組織專業化之研究〉，中央警察大學行政管理研究所，2001年6月。
楊松濤撰，〈14-18世紀英國的犯罪與地方社會秩序〉，天津師範大學碩士論文，2004年5月。
盧摯飛撰，〈近代早期英國社會犯罪和政府對策初探〉，華東師範大學人文學院歷史學系碩士論文，2008年5月。

工具書類
Begg, Paul. Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. U.K.: Longman, 2004.
Begg, Paul, Martin Fido and Keith Skinner. The Complete Jack the Ripper A to Z. U.K.: John Blake, 2010.
Eddleston, John J. Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopaedia. John Blake Publishing Ltd, 2010.
Evans, Stewart P. and Keith Skinner. The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Companion: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2009.
Jakubowski, Maxim and Nathan Braund. The Mammoth Book of Jack the Ripper. Running Pr Book Pub, 2008.
Mitchell, Sally ed., Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub., 1988.
Palmer, Scott. Jack the Ripper: A Reference Guide. U.K.: Scarecrow Press, 1995.
Rumbelow, Donald. Jack the Ripper: The Complete Casebook. Chicago: Contemporary Book, Inc, 1988.
Sugden, Philip. The Complete History of Jack the Ripper. London: Robinson, 2006.

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