臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

新城病病毒( Newcastle disease virus; NDV)為家禽嚴重致死性疾病。鑑於近年來在台灣及世界各地新分離之一些親內臟型強毒NDV (VVNDV)株的抗原性變異，常造成防疫上的困擾，因此將近年來(2008-2010)在台灣所分離之NDVS中挑選出9株進行其對雞胚平均致死時間(MDT)之病原性、交叉血球凝集抑制(HI)關聯值(R-value)、融和(F)蛋白基因核苷酸之親緣性分析及比對各株F蛋白胺基酸序列之差異，結果上述9株NDVs為MDT介於44-52小時之VVNDV，交叉HI之R-value與V158株之關聯值較高(70-85)，與Ishii株之關聯值較低(9-42)，F蛋白之基因核苷酸親緣性屬Ⅶe4基因亞型，其F蛋白特具有5個胺基酸變異(L23-F、I26-T、T29-A、S30-N和T90-A)。
以含有一種或兩種不同F基因型之5株NDVs (V158、III-Ishii、II-VH、II- LaSota及III-Sato)抗原製成之七種不活化ND油質疫苗(OEV) 注射經B1和LaSota之ND活毒疫苗免疫蛋公雞各一組，於免疫後3和6週採血檢測各組雞之HI抗體，各組雞於免疫後6週予以均分成兩小組，每小組分別行Sato或NDV-VII之4株(TW99-158、TW99-165、TW66-223 和TW02-301)新分離Ⅶ基因型VVNDVs 混合液(NDV-VII-4)口服攻擊之，結果以Sato株攻擊之各免疫小組雞仍有80%以上之保護力，但以NDV-VII-4攻擊之各免疫組雞僅在含有TW/99-158抗原的疫苗所免疫小組保有100%保護力，含有其他抗原的疫苗所免疫小組之保護力均在70%以下。
為求測ND不活化疫苗抗原之適當添加量，以NDV-VII-4之4株(TW99-158、TW99-165、TW66-223 和TW02-301)NDV分別雞胚接種尿囊液或細胞培養病毒液做成24種含有4種抗原濃度(4x、2x、1x和0.5x)之不活化NDV鋁膠疫苗免疫經B1和LaSota之ND活毒疫苗免疫之2週齡蛋雞各一組(每組10隻)，於免疫後3週採血檢測各組雞之HI抗體，並以NDV-VII-4攻擊各免疫組和一組對照組，於攻擊後七天未免疫攻擊對照組雞全部死亡，免疫組雞除以低抗體雞胚生產之V165株抗原做成不活化疫苗的免疫組的保護力較差(30-87%)，其他以第VII基因型死毒抗原所做成的疫苗之免疫組的保護力均達100%。以上述4株第VII基因型中之任何一株NDV均可製成具高保護野外VVNDV感染的ND不活化疫苗，甚至可以將其抗原添加量降至50%。

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly virulent pathogens of poultrys. Since the recently high occurrence of the Newcastle disease (ND) have been found correlated with the antigenic variation of the causative velogenic viscerotropic NDV (VVNDV)，9 isolates of NDV isolated during 2008 to 2010 were chosed to run of its pathogenicity evaluation in term of mean death time (MDT) in chicken embryos, cross hemagglutination- inhibition (HI) test for figuring out of its R-value, phylogenetic analysis of its F gene nucleotide sequence and comparison of the F gene deduced amino acid sequence with the corresponding strains retrieved from GenBank. All the 9 isolates were found with MDT of 44-52 hour and classified as the VVNDV，phylogenetically grouping asⅦe4 basis on the F gene nucleotide analysis and all characterized with 5 deduced amino acids changes (L23-F、I26-T、T29-A、S30-N和T90-A)on its F protein.
Seven inactivated ND oil emulsion vaccines (OEV) with monovalent or bivalent antigens prepared from 5 variant genotype of NDVs (VII-V158、III-Ishii、II-VH、II- LaSota及III-Sato) were used for immunizing a group of leghorn males preimmunized with B1 and LaSota live ND vaccines. All the chickens were bled at 3 and 6 weeks post vaccination of the ND inactivated OEV. Each group was then divided into 2 subgroups. Each subgroup was then orally challenged with the Sato strain or a mixture of 4 isolates of genotype VII NDVs (NDV-VII-4). The protectivity of each subgroup against Sato strain challenge was all over 80%. Meanwhile only the subgroup immunized with the vaccine containing the V158 antigen provided 100% protectivity against NDV-VII-4 challenge.
In order to figuring out the quanitity of antigen for putting in the inactivated ND vaccine, 4 isolates (V158,V165,V223 and V301) of genotype VII NDV antigen prepared from chicken embryo allantoic fluid or cell culture were used for preparing 16 aluminum hydroxide type vaccines at 4 levels (4X, 2X, 1X and 0.5X) of antigen for immunizing a group of leghorn males preimmunized with B1 and LaSota live ND vaccines. All the chickens were bled at 3 weeks post vaccination of the ND inactivated vaccine. Each group was then orally challenged with the NDV-VII-4. At 7 days post challenges, all the conrol group chickens were died out. Meanwhile all the inactivated NDV immunized provided 100% protection except the groups of the chickens immunized with the inactivated vaccine containing the V165 antigen origeiated from chicken embryo. The above 4 strains of VII genotype NDV is good for using as ND inactivated vaccine producing seed.

中文摘要.................................................I

英文摘要.................................................III

謝誌.....................................................V

目錄.....................................................VI

圖表目錄.................................................IX

第1章 前言............................................1
第2章 文獻回顧.........................................4
2.1 新城病病毒（Newcastle disease virus； NDV）性狀...4
2.2 病毒蛋白質.......................................4
2.3 新城病病毒F醣蛋白…...............................5
2.3.1 F醣蛋白序列及結構.................................5
2.3.2 F醣蛋白與病原性之關係.............................5
2.3.3 F醣蛋白對新城病之免疫作用..........................7
2.4 新城病病毒HN醣蛋白................................7
2.4.1 HN醣蛋白之序列及結構..............................7
2.4.2 HN醣蛋白之生物活性................................8
2.4.3 HN醣蛋白對新城病之免疫作用.........................9
2.5 新城病病毒之生物合成………………………...............10
2.5.1 病毒轉錄與轉譯………………………………………………....10
2.5.2 病毒之複製……………………………………………………....11
2.5.3 組合與釋放……………………………………………………....12
2.6 新城病之基因型別..................................12
2.7 NDV之流行病學…….................................12
2.8 ND疫苗免疫.......................................13
第3章 材料與方法........................................15
3.1 新城病病毒(NDV)的分離、純化、增殖及病原性分析........15
3.1.1 NDV的分離........................................15
3.1.2 病毒之增殖.......................................15
3.2 新城病毒分子生物學特性分析.........................16
3.2.1 病毒RNA之萃取....................................16
3.2.2 反轉錄聚合酶連鎖反應（RT-PCR）.....................16
3.2.3 PCR產物之純化....................................17
3.2.4 核苷酸序列及胺基酸序列比較、親源關係分析.............18
3.3 新分離株與疫苗株之交叉保護反應......................18
3.3.1 血清之製備…………………………………………..…………..18
3.3.2 血球凝集抑制(hemagglutination-inhibition；Hl)試驗..19
3.4 新分離NDV與傳統NDV毒株製備之不活化疫苗之保護力比較....20
3.4.1 不活化疫苗之製備...................................20
3.4.1.1 油質不活化疫苗之製備.............................20
3.4.1.2 鋁膠不活化疫苗之製備.............................20
3.4.2 免疫計畫………………………………………………………...23
3.4.2.1 NDV油質佐劑疫苗.................................23
3.4.2.2 NDV鋁膠不活化疫苗...............................23
3.4.3 NDV攻擊試驗....................................24
第4章 結果.............................................25
4.1 ND病毒之分離……………………………………………………..25
4.2 病原性分析.......................................25
4.3 台灣分離NDVs的F基因之RT-PCR增幅…………………….....26
4.4 融合蛋白（F）基因分子生物學特性....................26
4.4.1 親緣關係分析....................................26
4.4.2 F基因之胺基酸序列分析............................29
4.4.2.1 NDV-F蛋白胺基酸序列分析..........................29
4.4.2.2 台灣地區分離之NDV之F蛋白胺基酸變異情形.............30
4.5 血清交叉反應試驗…………………………………….........32
4.6 保護力分析……………………………………………….......33
4.6. 1 NDV油質不活化疫苗保護力分析……………………………....33
4.6. 2 NDV鋁膠不活化疫苗保護力分析……………………………....35
第5章 討論.............................................37
參考文獻.................................................40
中、英文對照縮寫………………………………………………...........53
附錄一 …………………………………………......................54
附錄二 …………………………………………………………………….....56
附錄三 ……………………………………………………………………....57

圖表目錄
Fig.1 Immune plan for serum cross hemagglutination-
inhibition test................................19
Fig.2 Protocol for ND OEV vaccine protectivity test…23
Fig.3 Immune protocol for ND Alu-gel vaccine
protectivity test............................…23
Fig.4 Phylogenetic tree of the nucleotide sequence of
NDV genotype VII strains based on a variable
portion (nt 1–374) of the F gene. The accession
numbers of the sequences derived in this study and
those retrieved from GenBank were shown in Table
1. Other strains were characterized previously
(Collins et al., 1996; Lomniczi et al., 1998;
Herczeg et al., 1999; Yang et al., 1999; Ke et
al., 2001; Yu et al., 2001; Mase et al., 2002;
Pedersen et al., 2004; Tsai et al., 2004; Lee et
al., 2004; Seal, 2004; Kattenbelt et al., 2005;
Liu et al., 2007; Ke et al.,2008). The tree was
constructed using MEGA 4 neighbor-joining method
with 1000 replicates of bootstrap. Genotype and
subgenotype are indicated on the right. (▲)
Recently Taiwanese isolates determined in this
study……………………………………………………………..28
Fig.5 Postchallenge mortality of commercial leghorn
chickens immunized with the self-prepared oil
inactivated vaccine, then challenged with Sato (A)
or TW/99-158 (B) local isolates of very virulent
ND virus (VVNDV).………….…………………..........34
Fig.6 Immunization for evaluation of 24 ND Al-OH gel
type vaccines. (A)Antibody response of of
commercial leghorn chickens immunized with the
self-prepared Alu-gel inactivated vaccine. (B)
Postchallenge mortality of commercial leghorn
chickens immunized with the self-prepared Alu-gel
inactivated vaccine, then challenged with local
isolates(TW/99-158, TW/99-165, TW/02-301 and TW/06-
223A) of very virulent ND virus (VVNDV).........36
Table1 Primer used for amplification of the F gene of
Newcastle disease virus in this study……………..17
Table2 Strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) used for
serum cross hemagglutination-inhibition test in
this study…………….............................19
Table3 Strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) used for
ND vaccine protective test in this study…………21
Table4 Purity of the 11 isolates of Newcastle disease
virus (NDV) as detected by multiplex reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
and PCR……………………………………................21
Table5 Calculation of the quantity of original Newcastle
disease virus (NDV) suspension for preparing of
the NDV inactivated oil emulsion vaccine........22
Table6 Characterization of 9 strains Newcastle disease
virus (NDV) used for studing of its F gene in this
study…………………...............................25
Table7 Differences in nucleotide (nt 1–375) and deduced
amino acid sequences (aa 1–125) of the F gene
among different genotypes of Newcastle disease
viruses…………………………………..................29
Table8 Differences in the F gene nucleotide sequences and
deduced amino acid sequences among subgenotype
VIIa–e of Newcastle disease viruses………….....30
Table9 Amino acid variation of the F protein (aa 1–125)
of different NDV genotypes. Only sequences that
differ from the majority sequences are shown…..31
Table10 R-Value of the cross protectivity in
hemagglutination- inhibition(HI) antibody……….32

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