臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近來在全球化的衝擊下，跨文化研究已廣泛地受到重視並成為趨勢。要能夠與來自不同地區的人們溝通，就必須瞭解其語言背後的文化背景，以免有誤解情形發生。這也是跨文化研究成為一種趨勢重要之處。
Lakoff 與 Turner (1989) 的 “The great chain metaphor” 說明了人類的性格特性可以從動物的特質中去了解。本文也探討了Lakoff 和Johnson (1980) 的隱喻理論 (the theory of metaphorical conception)在動物詞上的運用。本研究是分析中國的十二生肖(Chinese Zodiac)動物詞中，每一種動物給人的聯想，及這些動物詞在中、英文所傳達正面或負面的意思。本論文是採用質性研究方式，主要來源是以問卷調查與口頭訪問的蒐集方式。在這個研究中，問卷調查分別以中文及英文為母語的人共80名為調查對象(以中文為母語人士的50名，以英文為母語人士的30名)，其目的主要在了解中、英文為母語的人對於這12種動物詞所傳達的聯想與正負面隱喻表達概念。研究發現，狗、馬與牛則是最常與正面的隱喻表達有連結；老鼠與蛇多帶有負面的隱喻表達概念。對於以中文為母語的人士而言，龍、羊和雞帶有正面隱喻表達；然而，以英文為母語的人士則是認為龍、羊和雞帶有負面隱喻表達之意。另一方面，口頭訪問12位受訪者，是否因學習其他外語而改變自己對動物的看法。研究者從訪問結果認為學習過其他外語會對自己原本對動物的看法產生一些程度上的影響。期待藉由本研究，有助於語言的學習：如台灣人學習英文，及外國人學習中文。

Cross-cultural (or intercultural) research has been widely emphasized and become a current trend under the impact of globalization. In order to communicate with other people coming from various regions, it is necessary to understand their cultural background and their languages to avoid misunderstanding or misjudgment. This is an essential point that cross-cultural study has become a tendency.
“The great chain metaphor” proposed by Lakoff and Turner (1989) indicates that humans’ character traits can be comprehended in terms of animals’ attributes. The theory of metaphorical conception proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the related usages on animals were also reviewed. This study analyzes the associations and metaphorical expressions of animal terms of the Chinese Zodiac in Chinese and English and explores which animal terms convey positive or negative metaphorical expressions. This research is designed as a qualitative study. The data were collected from two versions of questionnaires and oral interviews. The participants were 50 Chinese native speakers and 30 English native speakers. The purpose of the study aims to understand the associations and the metaphorical expressions among the 12 animal terms in Chinese and English languages. The study found that the Dog, the Horse and the Ox convey positive metaphorical expressions in Chinese and English ; the Rat and the Snake carry negative metaphorical expressions. To the Chinese speakers, the Dragon, the Goat and the Rooster convey more positive metaphorical expressions, whereas the Dragon, the Goat and the Rooster are considered more negative than positive by the English speakers. Moreover, 12 participants were interviewed to investigate whether learning other foreign languages would affect one person’s opinions of animals. Based on the oral interviews, the researcher concluded that learning other foreign languages will affect one person’s opinions of animals to a certain degree. It is hopeful that this cross-cultural research concerning the 12 animal terms of the Chinese Zodiac may benefit both Taiwanese when learning English and foreigners while learning Chinese.

Chinese Abstract ............... i
English Abstract ............... iii
Table of Contents ............... v
List of Tables ............... ix
List of Figures ............... x
List of Appendices ............... xi
Chapter 1: Introduction ............... 1
Research Background ............... 2
Purpose of the Study ............... 5
Research Questions ............... 6
Definition of Terms ............... 7
Significance of the Study ............... 8
Organization ............... 9
Chapter 2: Literature Review ............... 11
The Chinese Zodiac ............... 11
Culture and Language ............... 20
Language and Animal ............... 22
The Great Chain Metaphor ............... 24
The “generic is specific” metaphor ............... 24
The “great chain of being” ............... 25
The “nature of things” ............... 25
The “maxim of quantity” ............... 26
The “great chain metaphor” ............... 26
Metaphor and Metonymy ............... 28
Metaphorical Expressions and Images ............... 33
Metaphor on Animal ............... 35
Word Association ............... 37
Semantic Derogation of Animal Terms ............... 39
Chapter 3: Method ............... 41
Research Design ............... 41
Research Instrument ............... 42
Questionnaires ............... 42
Oral interviews ............... 44
Participants ............... 45
Pilot Study ............... 46
The results of pilot study ............... 47
Research Procedure ............... 48
Data Collection ............... 49
Data analysis ............... 50
Chapter 4: Results And Discussions ............... 52
Descriptions of the Participants ............... 52
Results and Discussions ............... 53
Research Question 1 ............... 54
Chinese native speaker group ............... 54
English native speaker group ............... 58
Research Question 2 ............... 63
Chinese native speaker group ............... 63
English native speaker group ............... 68
Research Question 3 ............... 75
The results from the Chinese interviewees ............ 76
The results from the English interviewees ............ 77
Chapter 5: Conclusions ............... 81
Summary ............... 81
Major Findings ............... 82
Implications ............... 84
Limitation of the Study ............... 84
Suggestions for Future Research ............... 85
References ............... 87

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