臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

苦茶油是中國地區常用的烹調用油，苦茶油在民間療法中被認為具有整腸健胃、潤肺清肝等保健功效。本研究探討苦茶油在抗氧化方面保健的功效，內容主要分成四個部分：(一) 市售苦茶油特性與萃取物抗氧化性、(二) 苦茶油中的抗氧化成分分離純化與功能評估、(三) 苦茶油對急性四氯化碳誘發之大鼠肝損傷的保護效果、(四) 苦茶油對於肝臟受四氯化碳傷害過程中之保護效應與對細胞保護機制。
結果顯示 (一) 市售苦茶油產品之過氧化價、碘價、氧化安定性等呈現大的差異。苦茶油中之維生素E以α型為主，其多酚化合物含量介於8-85 mg/100 g oil之間。苦茶油甲醇萃取物0.2 mg/mL清除DPPH自由基的能力介於2-80 %，清除過氧化自由基的能力介於1.46-2.76μM Trolox，不同來源之苦茶油彼此差異頗大，但都具有抗氧化能力。利用銅離子誘導健康捐贈者血中低密度脂蛋白(LDL)氧化修飾，經由TBARS、共軛雙烯(conjugated diene, CD)形成與相對電泳量(REM)進行評估。以Cu2+誘導LDL氧化時，添加0.2 mg/mL甲醇萃取物可以有效抑制氧化的進行，延緩共軛雙烯形成；以Cu2+誘導LDL產生MDA後測定TBARS增加的之情形與共軛雙烯的形成有相同的趨勢；以本省的苦茶油樣品，以及較高溫度焙炒的樣品有較佳的氧化抑制率。添加苦茶油甲醇萃取物在 H2O2 氧化傷害下，部分樣品具有提升淋巴球glutathione S-transferase (GST)與catalase (CAT)活性效果，由彗星試驗法得知加入苦茶油甲醇萃取物時，較低濃度下添加可以降低H2O2對淋巴球細胞造成的氧化傷害。顯示苦茶油甲醇萃取物之抗氧化特性與胞內抗氧化酵素的調控有關，同時可以減少細胞的氧化傷害。
(二) 以五種不同溶劑萃取苦茶油，以甲醇萃取物的抗氧化活性最佳，清除DPPH自由基與TEAC評估中最有效。苦茶油甲醇萃取物中以HPLC分離出兩個具有抗氧化力的化合物，經過純化，以及UV、MS、IR、1H NMR以及13C NMR鑑定後確定分別為sesamin與2,5-bis-benzo[1,3] dioxol-5-yl-tetrahydro-furo [3,4-d] [1,3]dioxine。兩種化合物均可以抑制 H2O2 誘發紅血球體內的ROS的生成，延緩AAPH誘發人類紅血球的溶血現象，以及延遲銅離子誘發人類LDL氧化形成共軛雙烯，並在彗星試驗中具有降低DNA氧化傷害拖尾的現象。苦茶油甲醇萃取物的抗氧化特性可能來自於此二種化合物。苦茶油除了傳統上具有的功效外，推測其對自由基引起之相關疾病亦具有預防的功效。
(三) 藉由動物試驗探討苦茶油在四氯化碳引發的損傷中的保護效果。先給予雄性Sprague-Dewlwy大鼠(200 ± 10 g)六週的苦茶油飲食(50, 100, and 150 g/kg diet)，再以腹腔注射四氯化碳急性傷害(50% CCl4，2 mL/kg of bw)，24小時之後犧牲，取下肝臟採樣切片，並分析血清生化值、肝臟過氧化產物以及抗氧化酵素的活性。結果顯示苦茶油飲食顯著降低因四氯化碳傷害增加之AST (alanine aminotransferase)、ALT (aspartate aminotransferase)與LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)活性，抑制肝臟脂質過氧化物 MDA (malondialdehyde) 生成，以及提升肝臟中GSH含量。同時高劑量苦茶油與傷害組比較下可以顯著提升肝臟抗氧化酵素GPx、GRd、GST活性(p < 0.05)。由結果推測苦茶油具有的肝臟保護效果來自於抗氧化成分以及對自由基的清除效果。
(四) 苦茶油具有sesamin與compound B兩種lignans以及大量的單元不飽和脂肪酸，於急性四氯化碳傷害中可減少肝臟的損傷。因此進一步探討在注射傷害劑後0-24小時的生理變化。腹腔注射四氯化碳後AST與ALT隨時間上升，於 24 小時活性最大。餵食苦茶油組除在組織切片上的傷害程度較小外，其AST與ALT活性在第12小時以後降低，且12與24小時活性與傷害組有明顯的差異。肝臟抗氧化酵素GPx、GRD、GST在第24小時活性降低，同時GSH含量於第12與24小時比傷害組高且有顯著差異(p<0.05)。肝臟中的抗氧化酵素mRNA於12小時達到最大量，GPx與CAT於第24小時表現量苦茶油組明顯較少。Clone 9細胞受到四氯化碳傷害後抗氧化酵素活性明顯增加，而苦茶油萃取物因可減少氧化傷害，故推測與延後酵素活性上升及減少mRNA的表現有關。MAPK為調控抗氧化酵素基因重要訊息傳遞蛋白，介入苦茶油萃取物後 pERK 表現量隨劑量而增加，pJNK表現量則隨劑量上升而減少，不同劑量對pp38影響沒有明顯的趨勢。核內ARE 序列啟動因子Nrf2 介入苦茶油萃取物有增加的趨勢。
苦茶油於體內與體外試驗中均證實具有抗氧化功能：延緩LDL氧化、抑制細胞DNA之氧化傷害，同時降低大鼠於急性四氯化碳傷害中的肝臟損傷。並且由苦茶油中分離鑑定出兩種具有功能性之lignans。由脂肪酸的組成、功能性成分與抗氧化的評估結果，苦茶油具有保健食品的功效。

The oil of tea seed (Camellia oleifera Abel.) is used extensively in China as cooking oil. Tea seed oil has been reported with health effects for bowel, stomach, liver, and lung, etc., in traditional remedy. The aim of this study was to investigate the health effects of tea seed oil with the aspect of antioxidant activity. There are four topics in this study: (1) The characteristics of the commercial tea seed oil products and the antioxidant activity of the extracts (2) The antioxidant activity and the bioactive compounds of tea seed oil (3) The hepatoprotection of tea seed oil against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats (4) Effect of tea seed oil on hepatoprotection process in rats, as well as MAPK and antioxidant enzymes expression in clone 9 cells on CCl4-induced oxidative damage.
Our studied revealed that (1) commercial tea seed oil products varied in their peroxide value, iodine value, and oxidation stability. The α-tocopherol was the major type of vitamin E in tea seed oil. The content of polyphenonic compounds in tea seed oil ranged from 8 to 85 mg/100 g oil. At a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, the scavenging effects of methanol extracts from the commercial tea seed oils on DPPH radical and peroxyl radical (ORAC) were 2-80 % and 1.46-2.76 mM Trolox, respectively. There are great variation in antioxidant activity of tea seed oils obtained from different sources. The methanol extracts of tea seed oils effectively could inhibit the formation of conjugated dienes and TBARS in Cu2+ mediated LDL oxidation at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. The domestic products and the oil prepared with the higher roasting temperature had the higher inhibition ability on oxidation. The methanol extracts of tea seed oil could increase the activities of glutathione S- transferase and catalase in human lymphocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide at a lower concentration as measured by the comey assay. These results indicated that the antioxidant activity of tea seed oil was related to the modulation of cellular antioxidant enzymes and could reduce the oxidative damage of cell.
(2) Among the five solvents used, methanol extract of tea seed oil exhibited the highest yield and the strongest antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH scavenging activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Two compounds separated from the methanol extract by preparative HPLC contributed high antioxidant activity. These two compounds were further identified as sesamin and a novel compound: 2,5-bis-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-tetrahydro-furo [3,4-d][1,3]dioxine (named compound B) by UV absorption and also characterized by MS, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. It was found that sesamin and compound B could decrease H2O2-mediated formation of reactive oxygen species in red blood cells (RBCs), inhibit RBCs hemolysis induced by AAPH, and increase the lag time of conjugated dienes formation in human low-density lipoprotein. The results indicate that both compounds isolated from tea seed oil exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity. In addition to the traditional pharmacological effects of Camellia oleifera, the oil of tea seed may also act as a prophylactic agent to prevent free radical related diseases.
(3) The effects of tea seed oil on CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats were evaluated in this section. Male SD rats (200 ± 10 g) were pre-treated with tea seed oil (50, 100, and 150 g/ kg diet) for six weeks before treatment with a single dose of CCl4 (50% CCl4, 2 mL/kg of bw, intraperitoneally). The rats were sacrificed 24 h later, and blood samples were collected for assay by serum biochemical parameters. The livers were excised to evaluate the peroxidation products, antioxidants, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Pathological histology was also performed. The results showed that a tea seed oil diet significantly (p < 0.05) could lower the serum levels of hepatic enzyme markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase), inhibit fatty degeneration, reduce the content of the peroxidation product malondialdehyde, and elevate the content of GSH. Diet pre-treatment of male animals with tea seed oil (150 g/kg diet) could increase the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S transferase in liver when compared with CCl4-treated group (p < 0.05). Therefore, the results of this study showed that a tea seed oil diet could be proposed to protect the liver against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats, and the hepatoprotective effect might be correlated with its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects.
(4) Hepatoprotection of tea seed oil process in acute liver injury induced by CCl4 was studied in this section. Injection of CCl4 intrapertionally into SD rat gradually increased plasma AST and ALT activities during 0-24 h, and showed highest levels at 24 h. Tea seed oil diet significantly (p < 0.05) lowered AST and ALT activities at 12 and 24 h. Tea seed oil diet group GPx, GRd and GST showed highest levels at 12 h, and content of GSH significantly (p < 0.05) increased, and liver antioxidant enzymes mRNA were shown highest levels at 12 h. In clone 9 cells, injury by CCl4 were rapid increased in antioxidant enzyme activities, Also addition of METSO resulted delayed increasing by antioxidant effect. After the CCl4 injury, all MAPK expressions increased, including PERK, pJNK and p38. But experiment results indicated that when METSO and CCl4 were added at same time, pERK increased but pJNK decreased with the increase of METSO, on the other hand, p38 had no significant change. In the nuclear fraction, Nrf2 expression also increased in accordance of the increase of METSO.
Accordingly, the tea sea oil had been proved to possess the antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro. It could retard the LDL oxidation, inhibit the oxidation injury of cell DNA, meantime, reduce the acute liver injury by CCl4. Two functional lignans were isolated and identified from tea seed oil in this study. The tea seed oil could be regarded as a kind of healthy food through the above revaluation by its composition of fatty acids, functional bioactivity constituents and antioxidant activity.

全文摘要(中)…………………………………………………….……. I
全文摘要(英) …………………………………………………………… IV
目錄…………………………………………………………………… VIII
圖次……………………………………………………………………… XII
表次…………………………………………………………………… XV
前言…………………………………………………………………… 1

第一部分：文獻整理…………………………………………………… 3
壹、自由基與疾病
一、心血管疾病…………………………………………………… 5
二、癌症……………………………………………………………… 8
三、肝損傷………………………………………………………… 8
(一)、肝臟………………………………………………………… 8
(二)、肝臟的生理功能……………………………………………… 9
1. 肝臟缺血再灌流傷害………………………………………… 10
2. 酒精性肝損傷……………………………………………… 10
3. 其他溶劑所引起之肝損傷…………………………………… 11
4. 內毒素肝損傷……………………………………………… 14
5. 膽汁淤積…………………………………………………… 15
6. 病毒性傷害…………………………………………………… 15
7. 藥物性傷害…………………………………………………… 15
(三)、肝損傷的機制……………………………………………… 15
(四)、肝臟之保護…………………………………………………… 19
貳、飲食與疾病
ㄧ、油脂與疾病…………………………………………………… 20
二、多酚類化合物與疾病………………………………………… 22
（一）抗氧化作用…………………………………………………… 23
（二）抗腫瘤作用…………………………………………………… 25
（三）、代謝作用…………………………………………………… 25
參、苦茶油的介紹
一、山茶屬………………………………………………………… 27
二、油茶樹………………………………………………………… 28
三、苦茶油………………………………………………………… 29
四、苦茶油之機能性……………………………………………… 29
研究目的……………………………………………………………… 32
本研究架構……………………………………………………………… 34

第二部分：苦茶油特性與萃取物之抗氧化特性……………………… 35
摘要…………………………………………………………………… 36
前言…………………………………………………………………… 37
材料與方法……………………………………………………………… 39
結果…………………………………………………………………… 51
一、理化特性………………………………………………………… 51
二、苦茶油抗氧化特性………………………………………… 51
三、苦茶油萃取物抑制LDL氧化效果………………………… 52
四、數種茶籽抗氧化功能性評估……………………………… 53
五、苦茶油萃取物抑制細胞氧化傷害效果…………………… 54
討論…………………………………………………………………… 55

第三部分：苦茶油抗氧化機能性成分分離純化與功能評估…….. 79
摘要…………………………………………………………………… 80
前言…………………………………………………………………… 81
材料與方法……………………………………………………………… 82
結果…………………………………………………………………… 88
一、不同溶劑苦茶油成分萃取率與其抗氧化活性……………… 88
二、苦茶油中抗氧化成份之分離純化………………………… 88
三、Sesamin與compound B對紅血球細胞的氧化溶血抑制作用………………………………………………………
90
四、Sesamin與compound B對紅血球胞內活性氧的生成之抑制………………………………………………………
91
五、Sesamin與compound B抑制人類LDL氧化之功效………… 91
六、苦茶油化合物對人類淋巴球細胞基因傷害的抑制效果…… 91
討論…………………………………………………………………… 93
第四部分：苦茶油之預防四氯化碳誘導急性肝損傷功效評估…… 109
摘要…………………………………………………………………… 110
前言…………………………………………………………………… 111
材料與方法……………………………………………………………… 112
結果…………………………………………………………………… 118
一、苦茶油飲食對於大鼠組織相對重量的影響…………………… 118
二、肝臟病理組織切片………………………………………… 118
三、苦茶油飲食對於四氯化碳引發的肝損傷的保護效果……. 119
四、苦茶油對於肝臟GSH相關酵素的影響…………………… 119
五、苦茶油對肝臟中GSH含量的影響………………………… 120
六、苦茶油對四氯化碳引發大鼠肝臟的氧化傷害的影響………… 120
討論…………………………………………………………………… 121

第五部分：苦茶油飲食於四氯化碳傷害過程中對肝臟的保護效應與細胞保護機制………………………………………………
137
摘要…………………………………………………………………… 138
前言…………………………………………………………………… 140
材料與方法……………………………………………………………… 142
結果…………………………………………………………………… 154
一、苦茶油飲食對於大鼠組織相對重量與肝臟病理組織切片的影響………………………………………………………
154
二、苦茶油飲食對於四氯化碳引發的肝損傷的保護效果…… 154
三、苦茶油對於肝臟GSH相關酵素的影響…………………… 155
四、苦茶油萃取物之細胞保護機制…………………………… 157
討論…………………………………………………………………… 158

參考文獻……………………………………………………………… 178

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