臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文主要討論十九世紀初英國的童工工作概況與Lord Ashley（1801-1885）對此在國會推動十小時工時法（Ten Hours Bill）的歷程。相關英國工業革命時期童工問題之研究，大致可以分為兩種不同的研究趨向：傳統的研究，倚重在十九世紀初的國會檔案與調查委員會報告等史料，強調工業革命如何導致童工問題，又當時國會的工廠改革家如何致力於改善這些問題。另一趨向的研究，則綜合當時的人口資料，與經濟，思想與政治的變遷，強調童工問題的產生除了工業革命之外，還有其他的社會背景，同樣的，十九世紀中期以來童工處境的改善，也與當時整個社會經濟思想的改變有關。本文試圖透過綜合這兩種不同的研究趨向，論述英國工業革命前期，兒童工作範疇與性質的改變。

Lord Ashley（1801-1885）出身貴族家庭，是位很虔誠的福音派基督教徒，也是位偉大的慈善家，一輩子都為貧民工作。他特別致力於童工與女工處境的改善，先從工廠的童工開始，推動保護他們的法律，後來再延伸到礦場、製造業，最後到農業，至終把各種行業的年幼或沒有保護能力的人，全部都置於法律的保護之下，而十小時工時法（Ten Hours Bill）是Lord Ashley生平中第一個為童工在國會極力推動的法案。自1833年Lord Ashley接受縮短工時委員會（Short Time Committee）的委託，在國會推動十小時工時法以來，就不斷的與反對的議員在這個議題上進行激辯。筆者耙梳這段期間的英國國會辯論記錄檔案（Hansard or Parliamentary Debate），以分析Lord Ashley推動十小時工時法背後的真正動機，及反對該法的人所持的立場。希望藉此更瞭解十九世紀英國童工政策的特色及其侷限性。

有人說，童工議題是台灣人民最不熟悉的世界性議題。的確，在台灣與此課題相關的研究，還是起步階段。期望本研究論文能對這個領域知識的增進，產生些許的貢獻。

This study discusses the working conditions of child labors in the Great Britain during the early 19th century and how Lord Ashley (1801-1885) pushed the legislation of Ten Hours Bill forward in the parliament. Researches on child labor during the Industrial Revolution can be largely divided into two trends: the way of traditional research relied on historical materials such as parliament archives and reports of the investigation committee in the early 19th century, and emphasized how the Industrial Revolution had caused the child labor problem and how the factory reformers of the parliament were dedicated to solving these problems at that time. The other way of research focused on the population at that time combining with changes in the economy, political environment and social thoughts and emphasized that the child labor problem had its social roots in addition to the Industrial Revolution. According to this theory, the improvement for the working conditions of child laborers since the middle 19th century also had to do with the change in the economic situation and social thoughts. This study combined these two research trends and discussed the changes in the work scope and characteristics of child laborers in the early period of the Industrial Revolution.

Load Ashley (1801-1885) was born in a noble family. He was a pious Evangelical, a great philanthropist who worked for the impoverished all his life. He was dedicated to improving the situation of child and women laborers. He started with pushing forward the legislation to protect child laborers in the plants, and then in the mines, manufacturing industry and finally agriculture, until all young people and those who lacked the ability to protect themselves were under the protection of laws. The Ten Hours Bill is Lord Ashley's first legislation proposed in the parliament to protect the rights of child labors.

Since he undertook the trust of Short Time Committee in 1833 and started pushing forward this Bill, Lord Ashley had been constantly debating with members of the parliament who held dissenting opinions. This study is both based on collecting and sorting primary resources from the Hansard as well as electronic database from internet in order to analyze the real motives of Load Ashley in promoting the Ten Hours Bill and to reveal the standing of his opponents. It is hoped that this study can help us to better understand the child labor policies as well as their limitations in the UK during the 19th century.
Some say that the child labor issue is the worldwide topic most unfamiliar to Taiwanese people. Indeed, related researches on this topic are just beginning in Taiwan. Thus through the current research, this study hopes to contribute to the knowledge accumulation in this field.

緒 論 1
第一章 英國在1750-1830年間的童工處境 10
第一節 孩童的傳統工作 12
第二節 孩童的新工作 17
第三節 自由放任主義及政府的童工政策 24
第二章 Lord Ashley 的生平與十小時工時法的推動 29
第一節 Lord Ashley的生平 29
第二節 Lord Ashley 與推動十小時工時法 36
第三章 Lord Ashley推動「十小時工時法」的動力與阻力 50
第一節 Lord Ashley推動十小時工時法的主要動力 50
第二節 Lord Ashley推動十小時工時法過程中的阻力 57
結 語 64
論文參考書目 68
附錄 74
附錄一：Lord Ashley的生平簡表 74
附錄二：1802-1878年工廠法的演變 75
附錄三：Lord Ashley的畫像 77
附錄四：漫畫：Lord Ashley手持消滅邪惡的滅火器 78
附錄五：工廠中的孩童（上）濟貧院的孩童（下） 79
附錄六：破爛學校 80

一、中文部分

（一）專書
林鐘雄，《西洋政治思想史》，台北：三民書局，民七十六年。
Paul Manteux 著，周憲文譯.，《十八世紀的產業革命》，臺北巿：臺灣銀行經濟研究室，民六十四年。
柯象峰、何光來、秦果顯譯，《歐文選集》（第一集），北京：商務印書館，1997。
Carlo. M. Cipolla編，張彬村譯，《歐洲經濟史－工業革命篇》，台北：允晨出版社，民七十三年。
張芝聯選譯，《一八一五－一八七0年的英國》，北京：商務印書館，民八十六年。
Christopher Hibbert 著，賈士蘅譯，《英國社會史. 1066-1945》，臺北市：國立編譯館，民八十五年。

（二）期刊
尹明明、劉長飛，〈英國工業革命時期的童工勞動〉，《山東師大學報（社會科學版）》，第170期，頁45-47，2003年。
宋嚴萍，〈英國工業化早期的苦難與犧牲〉《歷史教學問題》，第5期，頁47-51，2006年。
金燕，〈試論十九世紀上半葉英國的工廠立法〉《學海》，頁42－49，2006年。
徐濱，〈英國十七十八世紀的福利救濟立法及其社會經濟價值〉，《天津大學學報（社會科學版）》第 154期，頁46－50，2001年。
施義慧，〈十九世紀英國解決童工問題原因探析〉《廣西社會科學》，第11期，頁145－147，2003年。
趙靜，〈英國濟貧立法的早期發展〉《長春教育學院學報》，第22卷，第3期，頁32－34，2006年九月。
魯運庚，〈英國早期工廠立法背景初探〉，《山東師範大學學報（人文社會科學版）》，第51卷，第4期，頁122~125，2006年。
魯運庚，〈馬克思恩格斯論童工勞動〉《歷史教學問題》，第5期，頁64－66
2006年。
董文俊，〈Speenhamland法案與近代英國社會轉型的道德困境〉，《江西社會科學》，11期，頁123－126，2008 年。
豐華琴＜英國工業化時期的濟貧政策與人口遷移運動〉，《學海》，第4期，2008年。
叢志傑，〈對英國濟貧政策演變的政治學分析〉，《內蒙古大學學報（人文會科學版）》，第33卷，第4期，頁52－57，2001 年7月。

（三）學位論文
孫東波，《十九世紀英國工廠立法初探》，華東師範大學碩士學位論文， 2007年。
趙靜，《英國濟貧法的歷史考察》，河南大學碩士論文，2004年。

二、西文部分

（一）原始史料

Burnett, John, Destiny Obscure: Autobiographies of Childhood, Education, and Family from the 1820s to the 1920s. London: A. Lane, 1982.
Finlay, Kirkman, Glasgow, Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of, 1801 -1885. Letter to the Right Hon. Lord Ashley, on the cotton factory system, and the Ten hours' factory bill（electronic resource, 1833).成大資料庫：MOMW
Grant, Philip. The Ten Hours Bill: the History of factory Legislation, step by step since its introduction to parliament by the first sir Robert Peel in 1802 and it was finally carried by Lord Ashley, in 1850 together with many incidents and letters, speeches, and proceedings in both house of parliament ,and in the country up to the present. Manchester: John Heywood, 143, Deans gate, 1866.
Greg, Robert Hyde, The factory question considered in relation to its effects on the health and morals of those employed in factories, and the ten hours bill, in relation to its effects upon the manufactures of England, and those of foreign countries. [electronic resource] London : J. Ridgway and sons, 1837.成大資料庫：MOMW
Greg, Robert Hyde, The philosophy of manufactures, or, An exposition of the scientific, moral, and commercial economy of the factory system of Great Britain [electronic resources, London: J. Ridgway and sons, 1837. 成大資料庫：MOMW
Hodder, Edwin. The Life and Work of the Earl of Shaftesbury. London＆New York: Cassell ＆Company，1887. V1.V2.V3
Hansard, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/
Nassau W. Senior,. ESQ, Letters on the factory act as it affects the cotton manufactures addressed to the right honorable the president of the board of the trade, London: B. Fellows, Ludgate Street. 1837. 成大資料庫：MOMW.
Senior, Nassau William, eds. Letters on the Factory Act, as it affects the cotton manufacture addressed to the Right Honourable the President of the Board of Trade : to which are appended, a letter to Mr. Senior from Leonard Horner, Esq. and minutes of a conversation between Mr. Edmund Ashworth, [electronic resource]. London : Whittaker, 1846. 成大資料庫：MOMW.
Spencer, Thomas, Evils of Undue Legislative Interference [electronic resource], London: C. Gilpin, 1848. 成大資料庫：MOMW.
Spencer, Thomas, Speeches of the Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G. upon subjects having relation chiefly to the claims and interests of the labour class. London: Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly, 1868.

（二）專書

Alfred Kydd, History of the Factory Movement. London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co, 1857
Chaloner, W. H. The Autobiography of Samuel Bamford, vol. 1, London: Cass, 1967.
Daunton, M. J. Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain,1700-1850.Oxford: England New York Oxford University Press, 1995.
Eric J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State, London and New York: Longman, 1983.
Finlayson, B.A. M. Geoffrey, The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury 1801-1885.London: Regent College, 2004.
Hammond, J. L. and Hammond, Barbara, Lord Shaftesbury. London: Constable and Company, 1923.
Hammond, J. L. and Hammond Barbara, The Town Labourer, 1760-1832.London: Longmans Green and CO., 1932.
Hartwell, R. M. The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth. London, 1971.
Hodder, Edwin .The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury K. G., as Social Reformer, London: James Nisbet＆Company, 1897.
Hopkins, Eric. Childhood Transformed: Working Class Children in Nineteenth- Century England. Manchester: Manchester University, 1994.
Honeyman, Katrina .Child Workers in England, 1780-1820: Parish Apprentices and the Making of the Early Industrial Labour Force. England: Ashgate, 2007.
Horn, Pamela. Children’s Work and Welfare1780-1890. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1994.
Hutchins, B.L and A. Harrison, A History of Factory Legislation, London: P.S.＆Son, 1911.
Jackman, S.W. The English reform tradition, 1790-1910. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965.
Kirsby, Peter. Child Labour in Britain:1750-1870. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Lavalette, Mithael ed., A Thing of The Past: Child Labour in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century. Liverpool: Liverpool University, 1999.
Nardinelli, Clark. Child Labour and the Industrial Revolution London: Blooming, 1990.
Pamela Horn, Children’s Work and Welfare1780-1890. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1994.
Philip A. M. Taylor. ed. The Industrial Revolution in Britain: Triumph or Disaster? Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath, c1970.
Rule, John. The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth Century English Industry. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.
Seaman, L. C. B. Victorian England : Aspects of English and Imperial History, 1837-1901 . London: Routledge, 1992.
Thomas Southcliffe Ashton. The Industrial revolution, 1760-1830. London: Oxford University, 1969.
Thomas, Brinley, Robert Owen（1771-1858）: The Industrial Revolution and the Atlantic Economy, London: Routledge, 1993.
Thompson, E. P, The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage Books, 1966.
Ward, J.T., The Factory Movement1830-1855. London: Macmillan ＆ Co. Ltd, 1962.

（三）期刊

Clark Nardinelli , Child Labour and Factory Acts ，The Journal of Economic History. V. 40, No. 4, pp. 739-755.
Cunningham, H. The Employment and Unemployment of Children in England, C1680-1851, Past and Present, No. 126. Pp. 115-150, 1990.
Freudenberger, Herman, Francis J. Mather, and Clark Nardinelli. A New Look at the Early Factory Labour Force. Journal of Economic History, No. 44, pp. 1085-90.
Horrell, Sara,Humphries, Jane, The Exploitation of Little Children: Child Labor and the Family Economy in the Industrial Revolution , Explorations in Economic History. Vol. 32, Issue 4, pp. 485-516, 1995.
Horrell, Sara, Stature and relative deprivation: fatherless children in early industrial Britain, Continuity ＆ Change, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 73-115, 1998.
Patricia L. Schmidt, The role of moral idealism in social change: Lord Ashley and the ten hours factory act Quarterly Journal of Speech, Volume 63, Issue 1, pp.14 - 27, 1977.
Thompson, E. P., Time, Work－Discipline and Industrial Capitalism, Past and Present, No. 38, pp. 56-97, 1967.
Tuttle, Carolyn A Revival of the Pessimist View: Child Labor and the Industrial Revolution, Research in Economic History, No. 18, pp. 53-82, 1998.

（四）學位論文
Sister Zoe, Lord Ashley in the House of Commons 1826-1851, Fordham University, Ph. D., Thesis, 1966.

（五）網路資料庫
http://www.historyhome.co.uk
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/
http://studymore.org.uk/xashley.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/
http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=347117
http://www.request.org.uk/main/history/shaftesbury/shaftesbury08.htm
http://studymore.org.uk/ssh1840s.htm#1830
http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/factmine/factory.htm