臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

生物形質的表現受遺傳與環境的影響，且會隨族群遺傳組成的改變而變化，而環境選汰與逢機的遺傳漂變，則是造成族群遺傳組成改變的原因。外來種嚙齒類在起始族群小及面對陌生環境之生存壓力下，有可能在短時間內產生形質的改變。緬甸小鼠(Rattus exulans)在台灣為外來鼠種，1999年被確認時已建立穩定族群，但分布局限於花蓮縣吉安鄉。緬甸小鼠的族群量雖曾因2002年大規模毒殺防除而大幅下降，之後逐漸恢復，且分布擴展到壽豐鄉。本研究擬檢視緬甸小鼠形質在12年間的改變。研究樣本分屬三期：防除前於2001~2003年間採自吉安地區的樣本、防除後於2006~2008年及2012年採自吉安與壽豐地區的樣本。利用多因子變異數分析(multi-way ANOVA)、多變量變異數分析(MANOVA)與主成分分析(PCA)，比較不同性別及年齡群（依臼齒磨損度區分）之外部、頭骨與下顎測值在三時期間的差異。結果顯示緬甸小鼠具有明顯性別二型性(sexual dimorphism)，21項測值中有11項頭骨測值在三時期間具顯著差異，PCA得到的三個PC中，與臼齒寬及吻寬相關的PC2及與臼齒列長相關的PC3數值在不同時期間有顯著差異，事後檢定顯示主要差異在第一期與第二期的PC2間，且PC2數值的變異係數在第一期後明顯下降。以上結果顯示，緬甸小鼠的形質在十二年間有所改變，且變異程度降低，推論毒殺後族群量下降造成的遺傳漂變為形質改變主因。

Morphological traits are determined by the interplay of genes and environment, and will change with the change in genetic composition of a population, which may be caused by selection or random drift. Due to small founding population size and selection in novel environment, rapid morphological change may occur in introduced rodent populations. Rattus exulans is an introduced species in Hualien county, Taiwan, with a well established population restricted to Ji-an area when it was first reported in 1999. The population decreased by the extensive baiting control in 2002, and afterwards, expanded southward to Shoufeng area. This study examines the change in 21 morphological traits (body size and cranial measurements) during 12 years. I divided the 12 years into three phases: 2001-2003 (before control), and 2006-2008 and 2012 (after control). Specimens were aged by tooth wear pattern. The result of MANOVA and multi-way ANOVA shows traits differed significantly by sex and phase. The eleven traits that differed significantly among phases were used in PCA. The first 3 PCs explained three quarters of the overall variance. The values of PC2 and PC3 in the three phases differed significantly, especially between phases 1 and 2. And the coefficients of variation in PC2 values decreased from phase 1 to phase 2. The results indicate that over just 12 years, morphological change in R. exulans occurred. Given that variation in these traits decreased between phases 1 and 2, it suggests genetic drift following the decrease in population size by poison control may be responsible for the observed morphological change.

1. 前言 1
2. 緬甸小鼠介紹 3
3. 材料與方法 5
3.1 樣本來源 5
3.2 第三時期採集方法 5
3.3 緬甸小鼠外部形質測量 6
3.4 頭骨標本製作 7
3.5 頭骨測量 8
3.6 年齡判斷 11
3.7 資料分析 12
4. 結果 13
4.1 不同時期形質差異 16
4.2 頭骨測值的PCA分析 19
5. 討論 35
6. 引用文獻 37

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