臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在過去的一個世紀，建築物設置自動撒水系統可以有效保障人員的安全與財產的防護。由於撒水頭的感熱元件，為受到蓄積在天花板上方的自然對流熱的影響撒水動作。本研究運用Factory Mutual Research Corporation提出的Response Time Index作為評估指標，臺灣的消防法規規定，撒水頭迴水板與天花板或樓板的距離不可超過30公分。如撒水頭側面有樑時，可設直徑至少30公分的集熱板，以蓄積熱氣流。使用電腦模擬與實驗的方式，分析集熱板的集熱效應。在有效控制每一次火源燃燒均相同的基準下，集熱板的設置將明顯造成熱對流傳導係數（h）與氣流流速（V）的差異。如裝設不適當的集熱板，會阻礙高溫氣流的流動。因此延遲撒水頭的動作時間。另外分析集熱加強型集熱板的集熱效果。除可快速將感熱元件加熱。實驗結果顯示可以提早1/3的動作時間。
臺灣地區合格的密閉式撒水頭，必須通過「密閉式撒水頭認可基準」的驗證，符合標準的檢測程序。本研究以FDS軟體進行玻璃型撒水頭感熱元件的有效性分析，模擬0.5、2.5MW不同火載量，及極快速與慢速二種燃燒速率時，紀錄感熱元件動作時間下的動作溫度與周遭氣流風速。結果顯示，撒水頭動作情形與檢測環境差異甚大。動作溫度高於標示溫度75℃，但未達197℃。動作時間受「燃燒速度」影響最大。周遭氣流風速大於2.5m/s。由於「各類場所消防安全設備設置標準」規定某部分場所如裝設密閉型撒水頭，將可免設火警自動警報設備。本研究證明檢測程序的數據僅能代表某種控制環境下的效能，仍必須針對火場的熱敏感性加以分析，以確保撒水頭可有效動作。

The automatic sprinkler systems of buildings protect the safety of people and property. In Taiwan, closed sprinkler heads must be qualified by the standard testing procedures of Approval Criteria for Close Sprinkler Head. However, the environmental conditions of the verification process of criteria are different than the actual situations during a fire. The close sprinkler heads are actuated by the natural convection heat accumulated under the ceiling. In this study, the Response Time Index of the Factory Mutual Research Corporation is adopted as the assessing indicators of heat transfer theories. The sensitivity analysis of sprinkler heads are operated in FDS software and many experiments, including the standard type sprinkler, the flush type sprinkler, and concealed sprinkler under different convection transfer coefficients（h）and different air flow velocity（V）. The results of the study showed that real actuation situations are significantly different from the test environments of Approval Criteria for Close Sprinkler Head. The phenomenon of the burning rate of a fire significantly affects the actuated time of the sprinkler heads.
The effectiveness of the heat collection plate is also analyzed by comparing the effects between enhanced and normal types in this study. With regard to maintaining the same burning rate of a fire source, the results indicated that, high temperature air is hindered, and the actuated time of the sprinklers are delayed, due to the inappropriate installation of the heat collection plate. The experimental results showed that the heat accumulation effect could be enhanced by an improved plate, and the rupture time will occur earlier about one-third of the time.

目 錄
摘要 I
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
符號說明 XI
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景與動機 1
1.2研究方法與流程 9
1.2.1熱傳遞之探討 11
1.2.2熱敏感度指標之探討 12
1.2.3動作溫度試驗與熱氣流感應試驗 18
1.2.4火災模擬分析 20
1.3 文獻回顧 21
1.3.1火災成長特性 21
1.3.2國內密閉式撒水頭認可基準 25
1.3.3外國檢驗機構密閉式撒水頭檢試標準 25
第二章 自動撒水設備 30
2.1自動撒水設備之觀念 30
2.1.1自動撒水設備之特性 34
2.1.2撒水頭之分類 35
2.1.3撒水頭之構造 37
2.1.4撒水頭之動作效應 38
2.2天花板噴射流分析 39
2.2.1天花板高度對天花板噴射流之影響 40
2.2.2撒水頭與天花板之距離 46
2.3影響撒水頭動作之因素 50
第三章 NFPA 13撒水系統安裝規定 52
3.1防護區域與間距 52
3.2撒水頭迴水板與天花板間之距離 54
3.3影響撒水頭撒水模式之阻礙物 57
第四章 電腦模擬與實驗方法 62
4.1電腦模擬方法 62
4.1.1 Fire Dynamics Simulator 62
4.2撒水頭熱敏性研究 67
4.2.1一般反應型撒水頭之熱敏性 68
4.2.1.1實驗空間配置 68
4.2.1.2電腦模擬配置 69
4.2.2 優美型撒水頭之熱敏性 70
4.2.2.1 實驗空間配置 70
4.2.3隱藏式撒水頭之熱敏性 71
4.2.3.1實驗空間配置 71
4.2.4集熱板之有效性 72
4.2.4.1實驗空間配置 73
4.2.4.2電腦模擬配置 77
4.3實驗設備 77
4.3.1火源設計 77
4.3.2數據量測 79
第五章 結果與討論 81
5.1一般反應型撒水頭 81
5.2優美型撒水頭 99
5.3隱藏式撒水頭 103
5.4集熱板之有效性 105
第六章 結論與建議 118
6.1結論 118
6.2建議 120
參考文獻 121

1.C. Yao, “Overview Of Sprinkler Technology Research,” Fire Safety Science, Vol. 5, pp. 93–110, 1997.
2.R. John, Jr. Hall., “U.S. Experience with Sprinklers and Other Automatic Fire Extinguishing Equipment,” National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2010.
3.American Fire Sprinkler Association, http://www.afsascholarship.org/, [Access: May 2, 2011].
4.羅壽銘，「高層建築火災危險與核保對策之研究」，碩士論文，銘傳大學經濟學系研究所碩士在職專班，臺灣臺北（2005）。
5.United States Fastpitch Association, http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/citizens/all_citizens/home_fire_prev/sprinklers/ [Access: March 2, 2012].
6.NFPA, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water–Based Fire Protection Systems, National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 25, Quincy, MA, 2008.
7.NFPA , Fire Protection Handbook, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2008.
8.National Fire Agency‚ Ministry of the Interior, May amended, Standard for Installation of Fire Safety Equipments Based on Use and Occupancy, National Fire Agency Taiwan, 2011.
9.Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior, Construction and Planning Agency, Taiwan, 2011.
10.G. Bill Robert , H.C. Kung, Richard Ferron, “A New Test to Evaluate the Fire Performance of Residential Sprinklers,” Fire Technology Journal, Vol. 38, pp. 101–124, 2002.
11.D.D. Drysdale, An Introduction to Fire Dynamics 3rd Edition, Wiley & Sons, 2011.
12.H.Z. You, H.C. Kung, Z. Han, “Spray Cooling in Room Fires,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, NBS GCR 86-515, pp. 129–136, Gaithersburg, MD, 1986.
13.Toshisuke Hirano, “Combustion Science For Safety,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 29, pp. 167–180, 2002.
14.李念慈、李悅、余威，自動噴水滅火系統，中國建築工業出版社，中國（2009）。
15.Björn Karlsson, James G. Quintiere, Enclosure Fire Dynamics, CRC Press, 1999.
16.W.K. Chow, “Atrium sprinkler: Performance analysis,” Building Serv. Eng. Res. Techno, Vol. 13, Issues 4, pp. 183–196, 1992.
17.Gunnar Heskestad, T. Hamada, “Ceiling Jets of Strong Fire Plumes,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 21, Issues 1, pp. 69–82, 1993.
18.D.D. Drysdale, “Chemistry and Physics of Fire, Fire Protection Handbook Eighteenth Edition,” National Fire Protection Association, pp. 1–5, 1997.
19.Gunnar Heskestad, “Engineering Relations for Fire Plumes,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 7, Issues 1, pp. 25–32, 1984.
20.R. Turns Stephen, An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications, 2nd Ed edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
21.V. Novozhilov, “Flashover Control Under Fire Suppression Conditions,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 36, pp. 641–660, 2001.
22.Paolo Ruffino, Marinodi Marzo, “The Simulation of Fire Sprinklers Thermal Response in Presence of Water Droplets,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 39, Issues 8, pp. 721–736, 2004.
23.田蒙潔、趙清德，自動撒水滅火設備，詹氏書局，臺灣臺北（2009）。
24.D. J. Tritton, Physical Fluid Dynamics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988.
25.Warren M. Rohsenow, James P. Hartnett, Handbook of Heat Transfer （3rd Edition）,”McGraw–Hill, 1988.
26.G. Heskestad, R.G. Bill., “Quantification of Thermal Responsiveness of Automatic Sprinklers Including Conduction Effects,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 14, Issues 2, pp. 113–1251, 1988.
27.Morgan J. Hurley, “Analysis of Prediction Capability of FDS for Response of Thermal Detectors,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Vol. 20, Issues 2, pp. 77–99, 2010.
28.范維澄、孫金華、陸守香，火災風險評估方法學，科學出版社，中國（2004）。
29.陳裕仁，「消防安全設備功能替代之研究–以自動撒水設備為例」，碩士論文，中央警官學校警政研究所，臺灣桃園（1998）。
30.H. Ingason, “Investigation of Thermal Response of Glass Bulb Sprinklers using Plunge and Ramp Test,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 30, pp. 71–93, 1998.
31.H.P. Morgan, “Smoke Control Methods in Enclosed Shopping Complexes of One or More Stories: A Desing Summary,” Borehamwood, Herts. U.K.: Fire Research Station, 1979.
32.洪文傑，「密閉式撒水頭認可基準適用性之研究」，碩士論文，國立交通大學工學院產業安全與防災學程，臺灣新竹（2010）。
33.V. Novozhilov, B. Moghtaderi, D.F. Fletcher, J.H. Kent, “Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Wood Combustion,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 27, Issues 1, pp. 69–84, 1996.
34.Jinsong Hua, Kurichi Kumar Boo Cheong Khoo, Hong Xue, “A Numerical Study of The Interaction of Water Spray With a Fire Plume,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 37, Issues 7, pp. 631–657, 2002.
35.W. Zhang, “Turbulence Statistics in A Fire Room Model by Large Eddy Simulation,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 37, Issues 8, pp. 21–752, 2002.
36.C.J. Chen, W.D. Hsieh, W.C. Hu, C.M. Lai, T.H. Lin, “Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of A Furnished Office Fire,” Building and Environment, Vol. 45, Issues 12, pp. 2735–2742, 2010.
37.G.W. Zou, W.K. Chow, “Numerical Studies on Fire Environment by A Field Mode l,” International Journal on Engineering Performance–Based Fire Codes, Vol. 7, Issues 1, pp. 18–34, 2005.
38.K.B. McGrattan, Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 4 – User’s Guide, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2004.
39.B.J. McCaffrey, “Momentum Implications for Buoyant Diffusion Flames,” Combustion and Flame, Vol. 52, 1983.
40.E.E. Zukoski, T. Kubota, B. Cetegen, “Entrainment In Fire Plume,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 107–121, 1980.
41.G. Heskestad, “Fire Plume Air Entrainment According to Two Competing Assumptions,” 21th Symposium on Combustion, the Combustion Institute, Vol.10, pp. 111–120, 1986.
42.蔡榮鋒，「探測器與撒水系統啟動機制對建築物火災滅火性能之研究」，博士論文，國立雲林科技大學工程科技研究所博士班，臺灣雲林（2010）。
43.蕭敬倫，「區域火災的煙層高度預則」，碩士論文，國立雲林科技大學機械工程系碩士班，臺灣雲林（2007）。
44.John Klote, James Milke, “Principles of Smoke Management,” Refrigerating and Air–Conditioning Engineers, Vol. 10, pp. 63–85, 2002.
45.NFPA, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls, National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 265–2007, Quincy, MA, 2007.
46.劉采鑫，「建築物火災消防搶救滅火效果之研究–以住宅用途為例」，碩士論文，中央警察大學消防研究所，臺灣桃園（2001）。
47.李曉麗、程遠平、裴蓓、楊晶晶，「自動噴水滅火系統噴頭基本特徵參數對比與選用分析」，工程建設與設計，第2期（2006）。
48.NFPA, Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook, National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 13–2010, Quincy, MA, 2010.
49.林文興，水系統消防安全設備設計與實務，華格納出版社，臺灣臺北（2007）。
50.顏世錫、倪秋煌、陳火炎，「建築物各類撒水頭檢驗基準之開發與應用」，內政部建築研究所（1994）。
51.UL199, Automatic Sprinklers for Fire–Protection Service, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Northbrook, IL, 2004.
52.雷明遠，「國內功能性防火安全設計技術發展現況」，經濟部工業局技術報導，月刊第五期（2001）。
53.Soonil Nam, “Actuation of Sprinklers at High Ceiling Clearance Facilities,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 39, Issues 7, pp. 619–642, 2004.
54.J.L. Consalvi, Y. Pizzo, B. Porterie, J.L. Torero, “On The Flame Height Definition for Upward Flame Spread,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 42, Issues 5, pp. 384–392, 2007.
55.NFPA, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, National Fire Protection Association , NFPA 921–2004, Quincy, MA, 2004.
56.鍾基強，性能式設計煙控與避難系統，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，臺灣臺北（2001）。
57.NFPA, Technical Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Halls, Atria, and Large Areas, National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 92B–2000, Quincy, MA, 2000.
58.NFPA, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, National Fire Protection Association , NFPA 72–2010, Quincy, MA, 2010.
59.J.K. Richardson, “Automatic Sprinkler Performance Tables,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 64, Issues 4, pp. 35–39, 1970.
60.B.M. Lee, “Automatic Sprinkler Systems – The Case For Compliance With Listings and National Standards,” Fire Australia, 2005.
61.G. Heskestad, “Thermal Sensitivity Limits of Residential Sprinklers,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 21, Issues 2, pp. 131–152, 1993.
62.H.C. Kung, R.D. Spaulding, P. Stavrianidis, “Fire Induced Flow Under A Sloped Ceiling,” Fire Safety Science, Vol. 3, pp. 271–280, 1991.
63.C.L. Beyler, “Fire Plumes and Ceiling Jets,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 11, Issues 1, pp. 53–75, 1986.
64.J. H. Shanley, E. K. Budnick, “A Study of The Utility of Heat Collectors in Reducing The Response Time of Automatic Fire Sprinklers Located In Production Modules of Building 707,” Hughes Associates, Inc., Wheaton, MD, 1990.
65.D.D. Evans, “Ceiling Jet Flows,” SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering,” National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 138–145, 1988.
66.楊舒宇，「不同火源位置與熱釋率對於密閉濕式撒水系統作動之影響」，碩士論文，立德大學資源環境研究所，臺灣臺南（2007）。
67.D.D. Evans, “Calculating Fire Plume Characteristics in a Two Layer Environment,” Fire Technology Journal, Vol. 20, Issues 3, pp. 39, 1984.
68.R. L. Alpert, “Calculation of Response Time of Ceiling–Mounted Fire Detectors,” Fire Technology Journal, Vol. 8, 1972.
69.吳玉祥、高士峯，贏戰水系統消防安全設備設計，五南文化事業考用出版社，臺灣臺北（2004）。
70.J.M. Li, Y.F. Li, W.K. Chow ,H.R. Huang, “Numerical Atudies on Fire–Induced Thermal Plumes,” Journal of Thermal Science, pp. 374–381, 2005.
71.賈彩清，「建築居室火災區域模擬研究」，碩士論文，重慶大學土木工程學院，中國四川（2003）。
72.K. McGrattan, Fire Dynamics Simulator User’s Guide, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2002.
73.W.K. Chow, “Application of the Software Fire Dynamics Simulator in Simulating Retail Shop Fires,” Fire Safety Science, Vol.10, pp. 1, 2004.
74.林惠明、楊冠雄、蘇崇輝、吳健瑋，「優美型撒水頭熱敏性實驗分析」，中華民國燃燒學會第二十一屆學術研討會，國立虎尾科技大學，論文集A080，中華民國100年3月26日。
75.林惠明，「撒水頭熱敏性分析－以優美型撒水頭為例」，碩士論文，吳鳳科技大學消防研究所，臺灣嘉義（2010）。
76.R.L. Alpert, “Numerical Modeling of The Interaction Between Automatic Sprinkler Sprays and Fire Plumes,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 9, Issues 2, pp. 157–163, 1985.
77.N. Peters, Combustion Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge, University Press, pp. 201, 2000.