臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

南非戰爭又被稱為第二次布耳戰爭，是英國與布耳人建立的德蘭士瓦、奧蘭治自由邦之間的戰爭。英國為了爭奪德蘭士瓦境內的金礦而挑起戰爭，但超出英國預料的是，這場戰爭進行兩年半之久，最終英國耗費了巨大的物資與人力結束這場戰爭，成功併吞德蘭士瓦與奧蘭治自由邦。透過這條戰爭主線所延伸出來許多議題，將是本文研究的重點。
首先，南非戰爭的爆發雖然是由金礦而起，但更深入的關係必須要探討英國與布耳人之間的衝突、以及布耳人這個族群的誕生與發展。本篇文將對這些議題進行深入探討。
同時，雙方在戰場上大量使用彈倉式步槍、無煙火藥以及馬克沁機槍等新式武器。新式武器的使用對於西方戰術思想、以及戰爭型態的衝擊以及改變將是本文的研究重點。英國陸軍在南非戰爭期間的表現曝露出許多問題，而且英軍顯得呆板老舊，戰後英軍對於南非戰爭經驗的學習不遺餘力，對於南非戰爭產生的問題進行多項改革，這些將是本文探討的另一個重點。
最後，在戰爭進行的同時，亦可發現南非戰爭對於平民百姓的損害相當嚴重，這點在十九世紀的西方戰爭裡相當罕見，英軍在戰爭中對待平民的行為是不人道的。但人道主義已經落實在軍人上，《日內瓦公約》與《海牙公約》使得雙方的軍人獲得了基本的人道對待，這個部分也將是本論文探討的重點。

The South African War (1899-1902, or called Anglo-Boer War or Boer War), which was a war between the British Empire and two Boer nations, was one of the greatest wars in Southern African History. The British Empire eventually conquered the Republic of South Africa (also known as Transvaal) and the Orange Free State in 1902.
The South African War was an experiment of new weapons such as Cartridge Rifle, Smokeless Powder, Quick Firing Gun and Maxim Gun, which were equipped by the British Army and the Boer Commando. Although the British Army has the newest weapons, they can not oppose against the two Boer nations with old military theories at the beginning of the war. The British Army was defeated in Magersfontein, Stormberg and Colenso at the “Black Week” in December 1899, which shocked the British Army and the British Empire. For the British Empire, military reform was the most primary issue after the war. The Boer tactic not only impacted British military theories, but also impacted military theories of Europe.
The South African War was a cruel war in the nineteenth century, especially for the damage of civilians. About 26,370 civilians died in Concentrate Camp, which was uncommon in nineteen century war. It became a public issue at that time. The leader of Liberal Party, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, claimed that Lord Kitchener’s military policy was a “Method of Barbarism”.
Humanity also emerged from the South African War which resulted in the Hague Convention and the Geneva Convention. By the limitations of Hague Conventions, Dum Dum bullet can not be used in South African War. The treatment of war prisoners was also improved by the Geneva Convention. It was an achievement of humanity in the South African War.

第一章 導論................................................1
第一節 研究動機............................................1
第二節 文獻回顧............................................3
第三節 研究方法與章節架構..................................8

第二章 南非殖民地建立與英布衝突...........................11
第一節 南非殖民地的建立與開拓.............................11
第二節 布耳共和國的建立與第一次布耳戰爭…………....….……19
第三節 鑽石、金礦與英布衝突再起…………………...…….…….33
第三章 英國陸軍與布耳突擊隊的軍事發展……………..…….…..42
第一節 英國陸軍與布耳人的作戰戰術……………………….......42
第二節 戰前布耳人的軍事情況……………………………….......55
第三節 戰前英國人的軍事情況…………………………...…..…..63
第四章 南非戰爭……………………………..……………….......72
第一節 第一階段：布耳共和國入侵……………………..……..….73
第二節 第二階段：英軍反擊與布耳共和國淪陷…………….....…85
第三節 第三階段：游擊戰至戰爭結束………………………….....93
第五章 英軍的「南非經驗」與戰後迴響……………..………..…103
第一節 南非戰爭後英國陸軍軍事理論發展……………...……...103
第二節 英國陸軍軍事改革..................................112
第三節 日益降低的道德－探討南非戰爭中的人道主義與戰爭罪行117
第六章 結論..............................................127
參考書目……………………................………………………134
附錄 編年表…………………………............………………….142

中文資料

中文圖書

克勞塞維茨(Karl von Clausewitz)著，鈕先鍾譯，《戰爭論精華》台北：麥田出版社，2010年2版1刷。
李德哈特(B.H. Liddell-Hart)著，鈕先鍾譯《戰略論：間接路線》 台北：麥田出版社 1996年初版。
阿徹．瓊斯(Archer Jones)著, 劉克儉、劉衛國譯，《西方戰爭藝術》(Art of War in the Western World)北京：中國青年出版社，2001年初版。
保羅．甘迺迪(Paul Kennedy)著，張春柏、陸乃聖譯，《霸權興衰史》(The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000)台北：五南圖書出版有限公司，2007年初版六刷。
約翰．龐巴里斯(John Pampallis)著，蔡百銓譯，南非現代史(Foundation of the New South Africa), 台北：國立編譯館 1997年初版。
馬克斯．布特，《戰爭改變歷史－1500年以來的軍事技術、戰爭及歷史進程》 上海：上海科學技術文獻出版社，2011年初版。
張勝柏，《熱血奔騰：十八世紀末期愛爾蘭抗英運動之研究》 高雄：復文圖書出版社，2007年初版。
鈕先鍾，《西方戰略思想史》，台北：麥田出版社，民國84年。
鈕先鍾，《第二次世界大戰回顧與省思》，麥田出版社，民國85年。
富勒(J. F. C. Fuller)著，鈕先鍾譯，《戰爭指導》，台北：麥田出版社，民國85年初版。
富勒(J. F. C. Fuller)著，鈕先鍾譯，《西洋世界軍事史》，第三卷。桂林：廣西大學出版社，2004年初版
蔡東杰，《西洋外交史》 台北：風雲論壇，2006年初版。
漢娜鄂蘭(Hannah Arendt)著，蔡英文譯，帝國主義(Imperialism) 台北：聯經出版社 民國71年初版。
傅寶真，《德國軍事史》，台北：國防部史政編譯室，2005年初版。
傅寶真，《德國威瑪共和時期國防軍之研究1919-1933》，台北：國立編譯館，民國97年。
魏靜芬，《戰爭法學》台北：社團法人台灣海洋事務策進會 2005年初版。

碩士論文

王傳燾，《布耳戰爭(一八九九-一九○二年)》新北市： 輔仁大學碩士論文，1991年。

西文部分

人物自傳

Churchill, Winston. London to Ladysmith via Pretoria. (New York: Biblio Bazaar, 2007.)
Churchill, Winston. Ian Hamilton’s March. (USA: Wildside Press, 2007.)

報章雜誌

“Dr. Jameson” the Times, January 7, 1896.
“The Bloemfontein Conference” the Times, July 18, 1899.

西文圖書

Amery, L.S. The Time History of the War in South Africa. (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, LTD, 1900.)
Baker, Anthony. The Battles and Battlefields of the Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902. (London: British Military History Press, 1999.)
Barnett, Correlli. Britain and Her Army 1509-1970 (USA: PENGUIN BOOKS LTD, 1970.)
Boyden, Peter B. Guy, Alan J. & Harding, Marion. ‘ashes and blood’ The British Army in South Africa 1795-1914. (National Army Museum, 1999.)
Brose, Eric Dorn. The Kaiser''s Army ,Technological, Tactical, and Operational Dilemmas in Germany During the Machine Age 1870-1918. (Oxford University Press Inc, 2004.)
Chandler, David G. the Oxford History of the British Army. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.)
Creswicke, Louis. South Africa and the Transvaal War vol.1. (Edinburgh: T. C.& E. C. Jack, 1900.)
Coetzer, Owen. the Anglo-Boer War- the Road to Infamy (New York: Arm and Armour Press, 1996.)
Davenport, Thomas R. H. South Africa a modern history. (Grahamston: Southern book publishers, 1988.)
de Bloch, Jean. the Feature of War in Its Technical, Economic and Political Relations. (Boston: International Union Ginn & Company, 1903.)
English, John. On Infantry, (U.S. : Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. 1994.)
Farwell, Byron. the Great Anglo-Boer War. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1976.)
Fisher, W. E. Garrett. the Transvaal and the Boers a brief History, (London: the Chapman and Hall, 1896.)
Franch, David. the British Way in Warfare 1688-2000. (London: Unwin Hyman Ltd. 1990.)
Hall, Darrell. the Hall Handbook of the Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902. (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1999.)
Johnstone, H. M. A History of Tactics (Sandhurst: the Naval & Military Press Ltd, 2004.)
Lock, Ron &Quantrill, Peter. Zulu Victory the Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up, (London: Greenhill Books, 2005.)
Mahan, Alfred. Story of the War in South Africa. (New York: Biblio Bazaar, 2007.)
Murray, William Bernstein, Alvin Knox, MacGregor. The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1996.)
Nasson, Bill. the South African War 1899-1902. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.)
Omissi, David and Thompson, Andrew . the Impact of the South African War (New York: Palgrave, 2002.)
Paker, Geoffrey. The Military Revolution. (Cambridge University Press, 1988.)
Paret, Peter. ‘Makers of Modern Strategy’ (Princeton University Press, 1986.)
Pearce, Malcolm& Stewart, Geoffrey. British Political History 1867-1995. (London: Routledge, 1996.)
Porter, Bruce D. War and the Rise of the State (New York: the Free Press, 1994.)
Potter, Simon. News and the British World — The Emergence of an Imperial Press System 1876-1922. (New York: Oxford University Press,2003.)
Rogers, Clifford J. Military Revolution Debate (Oxford：Westview, 1995.)
Stratton, Charles R. British Enfield Rifle Vol.1, (Tustin: North Cape Publications, Inc. 2009.)
Robert, Ross. A Concise History of South Africa. (Cambridge University Press, 1999.)
Spiers, Edward. The Victorian soldier in Africa. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.)
Theal, George McCall. History of South Africa from 1873 to 1884 twelve eventful years vol.2 (London: George Allen & Unwin LTD. 1919.)
Walker, Eric Anderson. The Cambridge history of the British Empire vol. 7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University 1963.)
Wawro, Geoffrey. Warfare and Society in Europe 1792-1914. (New York: Routledge, 2000.)
Wessels, Andre. Lord Roberts and the War in South Africa 1899-1902 (England: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2000.)
Wessels, Andre. Lord Kitchener and the War in South Africa 1899-1902 (England: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2006.)

西文期刊

Anonymous, “The War In South Africa” The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2033 (Dec. 16, 1899), pp. 1697-1700.
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Darwin, John.” Imperialism in Decline? Tendencies in British Imperial Policy between the Wars” The Historical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Sep., 1980), pp. 657-679.
Gavin White, “Firearm in South Africa: An Introduction“ the Journal of African History Vol. 12, No. 2 (1971), pp. 173-184
Guelke, Leonard. “Frontier settlement in early Dutch South Africa” Annals of the association of American Geographers, Vol. 66, No. 1 (Mar. 1976), pp. 25-42.
Hamilton, J.B. “The Evolution Of The Dum-Dum Bullet” The British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1950 (May 14, 1898), pp. 1250-1251.
Henshaw, Peter. “The ''Key to South Africa'' in the 1890s: Delagoa Bay and the Origins of the South African War” Journal of Southern African Studies Vol. 24, No. 3 (Sep., 1998), pp. 527-543.
Hughes, M. L. “The War In South Africa” The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2034 (Dec. 23, 1899), pp. 1757-1762.
Jackman, Steven D. “Shoulder to Shoulder: Close Control and Old Prussian Drill in German Offensive Infantry” The Journal of Military History, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 73-104.
Kahn, David “The Prehistory of the General Staff” The Journal of Military History, Vol. 71 No. 2 (2007), pp. 499-504.
Mahon, John K. “Civil War Infantry Assault Tactics” Military Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 2, Civil War Issue (Summer, 1961), pp. 57-68.
Makins, G. H. “The War In South Africa” The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2035 (Dec. 30, 1899), pp. 1809-1812.
Morton, Fred. “Slave-Raiding and Slavery in the Western Transvaal after the Sand River Convention” African Economic History, No. 20 (1992), pp. 99-118.
Naidoo, Jay. “Was the Retief-Dingane Treaty a Fake?” History in Africa, Vol. 12 (1985), pp. 187-210.
Ogston, Alex. “The Wounds Produced By Modern Small-Bore Bullets. The Dum-Dum Bullet And The Soft-Nosed Mauser” The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1968 (Sep. 17, 1898), pp. 813-815.
Okoye, Felix N. C. “Dingane and the Voortrekkers: A Note on South African Historiography” The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr., 1971), pp. 135-140.
Poe II, Bryce “British Army Reforms, 1902-1914.” Military Affairs, vol.31, No.3 (1967) pp.131-138.
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Sawers, Larry “The Navigation Acts Revisited” The Economic History Review New Series, Vol. 45, No. 2 (May, 1992), pp. 262-284.
Satre, Lowell J. “St. John Brodrick and Army Reform, 1901-1903” The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Spring, 1976), pp. 117-139.
Spiers, Edward “the Use of the Dum Dum Bullet in Colonial Warfare” the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History IV: 1 (October 1975), 3-14.
Taylor, William L. “The Debate over Changing Cavalry Tactics and Weapons, 1900-1914” Military Affairs, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Winter, 1964-1965), pp. 173-183.
Travers, T.H.E. “Technology, Tactics, and Morale: Jean de Bloch, the Boer War, and British Military Theory, 1900-1914” The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 51 No. 2, Technology and War(1979), pp. 264-286.
Treves, Frederick William Thomson, G. H. Makins, George Ashton,”The War In South Africa” The British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2049 (Apr. 7, 1900), pp. 862-869.
Tucker, Albert “The Issue of Army Reform in the Unionist Government, 1903-5” The Historical Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1966), pp. 90-10.
Van- Helten, J.J. “German Capital, the Netherlands Railway Company and the Political Economy of the Transvaal 1886-1900” The Journal of African History, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1978), pp. 369-390.

網路資源

South Africa History Project: http://www.sahistory.org.za/(2011/10/5)
International Committee of the Red Cross: http://www.icrc.org/(2011/10/5)
The Big Hole Kimberley: http://www.thebighole.co.za/(2011/10/5)
Anglo-Boer War Museum: http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/concentration-camps/(2011/10/5)
Yale Law School: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/parti.asp (2011/10/5)
www.legislation.gov.uk: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/22-23/4/introduction/(2011/10/5)