臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之目的為探討零價鐵降解三氯乙烯(TCE)及四氯乙烯(PCE)時，其起始濃度、鐵粉添加量、競爭抑制效應、無機鹽類(Cl-, NO3-)及重金屬離子(Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr6+)對其降解過程之影響。
實驗結果顯示，體積為30mL之TCE及PCE其起始濃度為60~100mg/L時，對於250g/L之鐵粉量(200 mesh)對其之降解效果影響不大，TCE之k值為0.06~0.074hr-1，PCE之k值為0.0673~0.0745hr-1。而鐵粉添加量對於零價鐵之降解效果有明顯之影響，且其配置量增加時，其降解速率亦隨之增加，當鐵粉配置量為150~350g/L時，對於80mg/L之TCE其k值為0.036~0.0913hr-1，對於80mg/L之PCE之k值為0.0421~0.1009hr-1。當有干擾物質存在時，鐵粉表面積與其反應速率常數間之關係仍待進一步研究。TCE及PCE共同存在時，PCE之降解效果會受到TCE存在之影響，而TCE之降解效果較不受PCE存在之影響。
此外，氯鹽對零價鐵脫氯效果有輕微之影響，氯鹽添加量為100~400mg/L時，對於80mg/L之TCE其k值為0.0486~0.0593hr-1，對於80mg/L之 PCE其k值為0.0493~0.066hr-1。而硝酸鹽則有較明顯之影響，當硝酸鹽添加量為50~200mg/L時，對於80mg/L之TCE，硝酸鹽被去除前後，其k值分別為0.0372~0.0652hr-1，0.0641~0.0673hr-1；對於80mg/L之PCE，硝酸鹽被去除前後，其k值分別為0.0382~0.063hr-1， 0.0656~0.0687hr-1。
另一方面，亞鐵離子之存在對於零價鐵之還原脫氯效果沒有明顯之影響，亞鐵離子之添加濃度為20~100mg/L時，對於80mg/L之TCE其k值為0.0613~0.0638 hr-1，對於80mg/L 之PCE其k值為0.0634~0.0689 hr-1。鉛離子會影響零價鐵之降解效果，當鉛離子添加量為20~100mg/L時，對於80mg/L之TCE，鉛離子被去除前後，其k值分別為0.0405~0.0523hr-1，0.0609~0.0623hr-1；對於80mg/L之PCE，鉛離子被去除前後，其k值分別為0.0419~0.0567hr-1，0.0655~0.07hr-1。鉻離子對於零價鐵之降解效果則有明顯影響之情形，當鉻離子添加量為20~100mg/L時，對於80mg/L之TCE，鉻離子被去除前後，其k值分別為0.0327~0.0611hr-1，0.0631~0.065hr-1；對於80mg/L之PCE，鉻離子被去除前後，其k值分別為0.033~0.0597hr-1，0.0656~0.0686hr-1。至於XRD之圖譜分析則未達預期之效果。

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of initial volatile organic compound (VOC’s) concentration, the quantity of iron powder, competition between inorganic salts (Cl-, NO3-) and heavy metal ion (Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr6+) when trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) was degraded by zero-valent iron (ZVI).
The results indicated that initial VOC’s concentration (60~100mg/L) did slight affect on the degradation of TCE & PCE by ZVI, to TCE the reaction rate constant (k) was 0.06~0.074 hr-1, to PCE the k was 0.0673~0.0745hr-1. However the quantity of iron powder did obvious effect, and the reaction rate increases when the quantity of iron powder increases. When the amounts of iron powder was between 150~350g/L, to TCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.036~0.0913hr-1, to PCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0421~0.1009hr-1. The relationship from iron powder area to k still need further study with the appearance of interference. When TCE and PCE exist in concert, TCE made influence on the degradation of PCE, but PCE didn’t.
Furthermore, Cl- did trifling effect for dechlorination of zero-valent iron, to TCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0486~0.0593hr-1, to PCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0493~0.066hr-1 when the amounts of Cl- was between 100~400 mg/L. But Fe2+ didn’t do effect, to TCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0613~0.0638hr-1, to PCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0634~0.0689hr-1 when the amounts of Fe2+ was between 20~100mg/L.
Otherwise, NO3-, Pb2+, Cr6+ did obvious effect when TCE and PCE which reduced by zero-valent iron, because they can react with zero-valent iron. When the amounts of NO3- was between 50~200 mg/L, before and after NO3- was removed, to TCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0372~0.0652hr-1, 0.0641~0.0673hr-1 respectively; to PCE (80 mg/L) the k was 0.0382~0.063hr-1, 0.0656~0.0687hr-1 respectively. When the amounts of Pb2+ was between 20~100 mg/L, before and after Pb2+ was removed, to TCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0405~0.0523hr-1, 0.0609~0.0623hr-1 respectively; to PCE (80 mg/L) the k was 0.0419~0.0567hr-1, 0.0655~0.07hr-1 respectively. When the amounts of Cr6+ was between 20~100 mg/L, before and after Cr6+ was removed, to TCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0327~0.0611hr-1, 0.0631~0.065hr-1 respectively; to PCE (80mg/L) the k was 0.0656~0.0686hr-1, 0.0656~0.0687hr-1 respectively.
keywords：zero-valent iron, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, reaction rate constant, inorganic salt, heavy metal

目 錄
中文摘要......................................................................................................................Ⅰ
英文摘要......................................................................................................................Ⅱ
目錄..............................................................................................................................Ⅲ
圖目錄..........................................................................................................................Ⅴ
表目錄..........................................................................................................................Ⅷ
第一章 緒論 ..............................................................................................................1
1-1 研究緣起 .........................................................................................................1
1-2 研究目的 .........................................................................................................2
1-3 研究內容 .........................................................................................................2
第二章 文獻回顧 .......................................................................................................4
2-1 TCE及PCE之物化特性及其危害性................................................................4
2-1-1 TCE及PCE之基本物化特性 ....................................................................4
2-1-2 TCE及PCE於地層環境之移動及傳輸行為 ............................................4
2-1-3 TCE及PCE之危害性 ................................................................................7
2-2 處理TCE及PCE污染之地下水之整治技術介紹 ...........................................9
2-3 零價鐵技術之介紹 ........................................................................................12
2-3-1 選擇鐵金屬之原因.................................................................................12
2-3-2 零價鐵技術之應用.................................................................................12
2-4 零價鐵還原TCE及PCE之原理及其影響因子..............................................15
2-4-1 零價鐵還原脫氯之基本原理.................................................................15
2-4-2 影響因子之探討.....................................................................................18
第三章 實驗方法與設備 ..........................................................................................29
3-1 實驗藥品與設備...............................................................................................29
3-1-1 實驗藥品之介紹 .....................................................................................29
3-1-2 實驗設備之介紹 .....................................................................................30
3-2 研究流程與內容.............................................................................................31
3-3 操作及分析方法.............................................................................................35
3-3-1 實驗之操作方法 .....................................................................................35
3-3-2 實驗之分析方法 .....................................................................................37
第四章 結果與討論 ..................................................................................................38
4-1 TCE、PCE起始濃度及鐵粉添加量效應......................................................38
4-1-1 TCE及PCE之衰退實驗 ......................................................................... 38
4-1-2 溶氧與零價鐵之交互作用.................................................................... 38
4-1-3 起始濃度對零價鐵降解TCE、PCE之影響..........................................38
4-1-4 鐵粉添加量對零價鐵降解TCE、PCE之影響......................................45
4-1-5 鐵粉表面積與反應速率常數間關係之評估 ........................................50
4-2 競爭抑制之效應............................................................................................52
4-3 無機鹽類--氯鹽之效應 .................................................................................56
4-3-1 氯鹽與TCE及PCE之交互作用..............................................................56
4-3-2 氯鹽與零價鐵之交互作用 ....................................................................56
4-3-3 氯鹽對零價鐵降解TCE及PCE之影響..................................................56
4-4 無機鹽類--硝酸鹽之效應 .............................................................................63
4-4-1 硝酸鹽與TCE及PCE之交互作用..........................................................63
4-4-2 硝酸鹽與零價鐵之交互作用 ................................................................63
4-4-3 硝酸鹽對零價鐵降解TCE及PCE之影響..............................................63
4-5 重金屬干擾--亞鐵離子效應.........................................................................71
4-5-1 亞鐵離子與TCE及PCE之交互作用......................................................71
4-5-2 亞鐵離子與零價鐵之交互作用 ............................................................71
4-5-3 亞鐵離子對零價鐵降解TCE及PCE之影響..........................................71
4-6 重金屬干擾--鉛離子效應.............................................................................79
4-6-1 鉛離子與TCE及PCE之交互作用 .........................................................79
4-6-2 鉛離子與零價鐵之交互作用................................................................79
4-6-3 鉛離子對零價鐵降解TCE及PCE之影響 .............................................79
4-7 重金屬干擾--鉻離子效應 ............................................................................87
4-7-1 鉻離子與TCE及PCE之交互作用 .........................................................87
4-7-2 鉻離子與零價鐵之交互作用................................................................87
4-7-3 鉻離子對零價鐵降解TCE及PCE之影響 .............................................87
4-8 XRD圖譜分析 ..............................................................................................95
第五章 結論.............................................................................................................97
第六章 參考文獻 ...................................................................................................100
6-1 中文文獻......................................................................................................100
6-2 西文文獻......................................................................................................101
附錄............................................................................................................................106
圖 目 錄
圖2-1 DNAPL物質於土壤及地下水之移動情形.....................................................7
圖2-2 沉澱物覆蓋零價鐵表面之示意圖................................................................16
圖2-3 零價鐵還原脫氯作用之三種模式................................................................17
圖2-4 三氯乙烯之還原脫氯途徑............................................................................19
圖2-5 四氯乙烯之還原脫氯途徑............................................................................20
圖3-1 本研究之流程圖............................................................................................32
圖3-2 本研究實驗操作方法....................................................................................36
圖4-1 TCE溶液中TCE濃度隨時間之變化 .............................................................39
圖4-2 PCE溶液中PCE濃度隨時間之變化 .............................................................39
圖4-3 溶氧濃度隨時間之變化 ................................................................................40
圖4-4 不同起始濃度之TCE其濃度隨時間之變化 ................................................42
圖4-5 不同起始濃度之TCE其去除率隨時間之變化 ............................................42
圖4-6 不同起始濃度之PCE其濃度隨時間之變化 ................................................43
圖4-7 不同起始濃度之PCE其去除率隨時間之變化 ............................................43
圖4-8 不同起始濃度之TCE其pH值隨時間之變化................................................44
圖4-9 不同起始濃度之TCE其pH值隨時間之變化................................................44
圖4-10 不同鐵粉添加量TCE之濃度隨時間之變化.................................................47
圖4-11 不同鐵粉添加量TCE之去除率隨時間之變化.............................................47
圖4-12 不同鐵粉添加量PCE之濃度隨時間之變化.................................................48
圖4-13 不同鐵粉添加量PCE之去除率隨時間之變化.............................................48
圖4-14 不同鐵粉添加量下TCE溶液之pH值隨時間之變化 ....................................49
圖4-15 不同鐵粉添加量下PCE溶液之pH值隨時間之變化 ....................................49
圖4-16 不同鐵粉表面積所對應與TCE反應之速率常數.........................................51
圖4-17 不同鐵粉表面積所對應與PCE反應之速率常數.........................................51
圖4-18 80mg/L之PCE及80mg/L之TCE共同存在時其濃度隨時間之變化 .............53
圖4-19 80mg/L之PCE及80mg/L之TCE共同存在時其去除率隨時間之變化 .........53
圖4-20 80mg/L之PCE及60mg/L之TCE共同存在時其濃度隨時間之變化 .............54
圖4-21 80mg/L之PCE及60mg/L之TCE共同存在時其去除率隨時間之變化 .........54
圖4-22 60mg/L之PCE及80mg/L之TCE共同存在時其濃度隨時間之變化 .............55
圖4-23 60mg/L之PCE及80mg/L之TCE共同存在時其去除率隨時間之變化 .........55
圖4-24 氯鹽與TCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化.....................................................57
圖4-25 氯鹽與PCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化.....................................................57
圖4-26 氯鹽與零價鐵反應時其濃度隨時間之變化................................................58
圖4-27 不同氯鹽濃度下TCE之濃度隨時間之變化.................................................59
圖4-28 氯鹽與TCE存在時其去除率隨時間之變化.................................................60
圖4-29 氯鹽與PCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化.....................................................60
圖4-30 氯鹽與TCE存在時其去除率隨時間之變化 .................................................61
圖4-31 TCE降解之過程中氯鹽及TCE濃度隨時間之變化 ......................................61
圖4-32 氯鹽與TCE存在時其pH值隨時間之變化 ....................................................62
圖4-33 氯鹽與TCE存在時其pH值隨時間之變化 ....................................................62
圖4-34 硝酸鹽與TCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化 .................................................64
圖4-35 硝酸鹽與PCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化 .................................................64
圖4-36 硝酸鹽與零價鐵反應時其濃度隨時間之變化 ............................................65
圖4-37 不同硝酸鹽濃度下TCE之濃度隨時間之變化 .............................................67
圖4-38 不同硝酸鹽濃度下TCE之去除率隨時間之變化 .........................................68
圖4-39 不同硝酸鹽濃度下PCE之濃度隨時間之變化 .............................................68
圖4-40 不同硝酸鹽濃度下PCE之去除率隨時間之變化 .........................................69
圖4-41 TCE降解之過程中硝酸鹽及TCE濃度隨時間之變化 ..................................69
圖4-42 不同硝酸鹽濃度下TCE之pH值隨時間之變化 ............................................70
圖4-43 不同硝酸鹽濃度下PCE之pH值隨時間之變化 ............................................70
圖4-44 亞鐵離子與TCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化 .............................................72
圖4-45 亞鐵離子與PCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化 .............................................72
圖4-46 亞鐵離子與零價鐵反應時其濃度隨時間之變化 ........................................73
圖4-47 不同亞鐵離子濃度下TCE之濃度隨時間之變化 .........................................75
圖4-48 不同亞鐵離子濃度下TCE之去除率隨時間之變化.....................................76
圖4-49 不同亞鐵離子濃度下PCE之濃度隨時間之變化.........................................76
圖4-50 不同亞鐵離子濃度下PCE之去除率隨時間之變化.....................................77
圖4-51 TCE降解之過程中亞鐵離子及TCE濃度隨時間之變化 ..............................77
圖4-52 不同亞鐵離子濃度下TCE之pH值隨時間之變化........................................78
圖4-53 不同亞鐵離子濃度下PCE之pH值隨時間之變化........................................78
圖4-54 鉛離子與TCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化.................................................80
圖4-55 鉛離子與PCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化.................................................80
圖4-56 鉛離子與零價鐵反應時其濃度隨時間之變化 ............................................81
圖4-57 不同鉛離子濃度下TCE之濃度隨時間之變化.............................................83
圖4-58 不同鉛離子濃度下TCE之去除率隨時間之變化.........................................84
圖4-59 不同鉛離子濃度下PCE之濃度隨時間之變化.............................................84
圖4-60 不同鉛離子濃度下PCE之去除率隨時間之變化.........................................85
圖4-61 TCE降解之過程中鉛離子及TCE濃度隨時間之變化 ..................................85
圖4-62 不同鉛離子濃度下TCE之pH值隨時間之變化 ............................................86
圖4-63 不同鉛離子濃度下PCE之pH值隨時間之變化 ............................................86
圖4-64 鉻離子與TCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化.................................................88
圖4-65 鉻離子與PCE存在時其濃度隨時間之變化.................................................88
圖4-66 鉻離子與零價鐵反應時其濃度隨時間之變化............................................89
圖4-67 不同鉻離子濃度下TCE之濃度隨時間之變化.............................................91
圖4-68 不同鉻離子濃度下TCE之去除率隨時間之變化 ........................................92
圖4-69 不同鉻離子濃度下PCE之濃度隨時間之變化.............................................92
圖4-70 不同鉻離子濃度下PCE之去除率隨時間之變化.........................................93
圖4-71 TCE降解之過程中鉻離子及TCE濃度隨時間之變化 ..................................93
圖4-72 不同鉻離子濃度下TCE之pH值隨時間之變化............................................94
圖4-73 不同鉻離子濃度下PCE之pH值隨時間之變化............................................94
圖4-74 進行過鉛離子干擾反應之鐵粉之XRD圖譜................................................95
圖4-75 進行過鉻離子干擾反應之鐵粉之XRD圖譜................................................96
表 目 錄
表2-1 三氯乙烯之基本物化特性 ............................................5
表2-2 四氯乙烯之基本物化特性 ..........................................6
表2-3 吸入不同濃度之三氯乙烯之中毒症狀 ..............................8
表4-1 不同三氯乙烯濃度下其反應速率常數及其半生期 ........................45
表4-2 不同四氯乙烯濃度下其反應速率常數及其半生期 ........................45
表4-3 不同鐵粉添加量三氯乙烯之反應速率常數及其半生期 ....................50
表4-4 不同鐵粉添加量四氯乙烯之反應速率常數及其半生期 ..................50
表4-5 不同濃度之氯鹽存在時TCE及PCE降解之反應速率常數 .....................59
表4-6 不同濃度之硝酸鹽去除前後TCE及PCE降解之反應速率常數 .................67
表4-7 不同濃度之亞鐵離子存在時TCE及PCE降解之反應速率常數 ................75
表4-8 不同濃度之鉛離子去除前後TCE及PCE降解之反應速率常數 ................83
表4-9 不同濃度之鉻離子去除前後TCE及PCE降解之反應速率常數. .................91

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