臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國內之‘玉荷包’及‘糯米糍’（73-S-20）荔枝雖深具潛力，但著果不穩定，迄今有關該等品種之相關研究仍甚缺乏，有鑑於此，本研究探討其結實生理，俾為生產及後續研究之參考
連續二年於高雄縣大樹鄉莊氏之8-9年生‘玉荷包’果園，仿照果農之作業模式，在第一波小花開放前疏去2/3花序，探討對結實之影響，並試圖釐清其機制。結果顯示，疏花序未得以提高偏雌花比例與乾重、著果率與果實品質。
連續三年在南投縣集集鎮簡氏的8-10年生‘糯米糍’（73-S-20）果園調查花性、結實與果實性狀。‘糯米糍’偏雌花比例為7.0﹪至10.4﹪，但與著果無顯著相關。盛花後有一個主要及二個次要的生理落果期，80-90﹪小果於在盛花後二週掉落。採收時每果穗著果率僅2.4﹪至0.8％，留果數僅4個至1個。果實焦核率依年份而異，分布於26.6﹪至80.1％，焦核不影響每果穗留果數，但種子重影響果實性狀。
‘糯米糍’果實之生長呈單S曲線，盛花後第2-5週相對生長速率最高，此時生長量來自果皮及種子，至第8-9週二者已達最終生長量。果肉（假種皮）自盛花後第6週起可量取重量，第8週至第12週為其累積鮮、乾重、水分、糖度、降酸及絕對生長速率之高峰期，果實發育中期以後的重量來自果肉。糖度在第12至13週到達最高，迄第14週採收時仍持續累積鮮重，但乾重不再增加，並出現退甘（dewseeting）。果皮色澤於第8週後開始轉紅，第12週a值最高。
探討環境因子與生理因子對‘糯米糍’葉片氣體交換速率之影響。‘糯米糍’荔枝盆栽植株葉片之光合成能力，在最適宜之環境條件下（CO2濃度350ppm、光度800-1000μmol m-2s-1以上、葉溫28至32℃（控制蒸氣壓差額在0.8KPa以內）、蒸氣壓差額1.8KPa）最大光合作用速率約為6.5-8μmol m-2s-1，光量子產量（quantum yield；Φ）為0.024μmolCO2/μmolPPFD。田間植株（南投集集果園）當年生三個梢齡葉片的淨光合作用速率僅為5-7μmol m-2s-1，均顯著高於上年生葉片，結果枝葉片的淨光合作用速率高於非結果枝葉片。
調查彰化縣芬園鄉簡氏六年生糯米糍（73-S-20）植株果實生長曲線、葉面積、葉片淨光合作用速率，並以Hieke et al.（2002）之果實二氧化碳交換率之迴歸式計算碳帳，並求得供給果實生長所需最少葉片數。結果顯示果實之生長呈單S曲線，每小葉平均面積為18cm2，當年生結果枝葉片淨光合作用速率之日變化上午8時達最高，達12μmol m-2 s-1，當年生梢葉片淨光合作用速率亦達10.6μmol m-2 s-1，遠高於上年生葉片。果實生長之碳源大部分來自果實以外，佔76.3%，果實本身之光合作用提供23.7%，而果實所得到之碳量有33.0%用於呼吸損耗，餘67.0%以乾重方式累積。假設在無其它積貯器官與果實競爭碳同化物的前提下，經由葉片供給果實碳量、與葉片光合成能力，估計出供給一粒成熟時鮮重18.5克、乾重4.5克、糖度19.2°Brix的中型果實在生育過成中高峰期所需的葉片數為1.8枚。
於彰化縣芬園鄉簡氏六年生‘糯米’果園，調查果實生長曲線，並於盛花後第三週及第八週分別標定結果枝，以環狀剝皮調節每果穗葉片數，比較各處理對著果與採收時果實品質之差異，俾估算果實生長各階段所需的葉片數。結果顯示，‘糯米’ 之著果與果實生育在幼果期（盛花後第三週至五週）及果肉急遽生長期（盛花後第八週至採收），均受到結果枝葉數調節，每果穗需15枚葉片才能維持正常著果與果實品質，葉果比隨果實發育而增加，在高峰期（盛花後第八週以後）為0.9枚。
綜合上述結果顯示，疏花序未能顯著改善‘玉荷包’著果與果實品質。‘糯米’之偏雌花數（比例）及焦核率與其著果並未顯著相關，而種子重顯著影響果實性狀；‘糯米’著果與果實品質受碳水化合物的供需調節，證明荔枝著果、果實生育（積貯）與葉片（供源）的密切關係。

Inflorescence thinning has been reported as a novel technique to remarkably improve fruit production in “Yu Her Pau” litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.). However, the results were inconsistent and the mechanism is unclear. To investigate the effect on flower sex ratio, fruit set and fruit quality, selected inflorescences of eight-year-old to nine-year-old field trees were hand thinned by removing most branches of each inflorescence right before the beginning of the first flowering wave. The results indicated that inflorescence thinning does not enhance the ratio and weight of the hermaphrodite functioning as female florets, fruit set as well as total sugar content of aril in “Yu Her Pau” litchi.
Poor yield and unstable percentage of shriveled seed have been reported as the major production problems of ‘No Mai Tsz’litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Taiwan. However, little information about the causes is available and the actual reason is still unclear. To acquire more clues for these problems happened in ‘No Mai Tsz’ litchi, flower sex ratio and fruit set per inflorescence through out fruit developing period were investigated. Fruit characteristics were measured at harvest from eight to ten year-old filed trees. Our results indicated that low or irregular fruit set in ‘No Mai Tsz’ litchi dose not because of low ratio/numbers of the hermaphrodite function as female flowers in an inflorescence. Prevention of massive fruit drop would be the critical for stabilizing the yield. The percentage of shriveled seed per cluster also does not significantly influence fruit number, whereas fruit characteristics are significantly mediated by seed weight in ‘No Mai Tsz’litchi.
Characteristics of the growth of developing ‘No Mai Tsz’ litchi （Litchi chinensis Sonn.）fruits, such as the changes in fruit weight, AGR（absolute growth rate）, RGR（relative growth rate）, water content, component percentage, rind color, total soluble solids（TSS）, soluble sugars, titrable acid and organic acids of fruits from nine-year-old plants in Jiji, Nantou County were investigated. Results indicated that the growth of fruit was a single sigmoid curve. The maximum RGR were recorded at the 2nd to the 5rd week after full bloom（AFB）. Aril weight could not be measured until the 6th week AFB. Afterward, it contributed to the major fruit weight accumulation. The maximum cumulative fresh weight（FW）, dry weight（DW）, water content, TSS, AGR and acid degrading were recorded from the 8th week to the 12th week AFB. No significant increasing in DW was recorded after 13th week AFB and desweeting in the fruit occurred at the same period.
Environmental and physiological factors that affect the leaf gas exchange rate in ‘No Mai Tsz’ litchi（Litchi chinensis Sonn.）were investigated. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration (Trmmol), stomatal conductance (gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of greenhouse grown three-year-old potted plants were measured under controlled environments. At 28.8±0.3℃, estimated the dark respiration rate (Rd) was 0.6 μmolm-2s-1, quantum yield(Φ) was 0.024 μmolCO2 /μmolPPFD, and light compensation point(PPFD0) was 24 μmol m-2s-1. Maximum Pn and gs values were 6.5 to 8 μmol m-2s-1 and 0.07 to 0.09 mol m-2s-1 respectively, occurring at PPFD above 800μmol m-2s-1, leaf temperature (TL) 28-32℃(VPD less than 0.8KPa), CO2 concentration(Ca) at 350ppm and leaf to air vapor pressure difference(VPD) less than 1.8KPa. Pn, gs and Trmmol values for current-year shoots were significantly higher and Ci was significantly lower than that for previous year leaves. Fruiting significantly increased Pn, gs and Trmmol.
The carbon content, leaf area, leaf photosynthesis and fruit CO2 exchange rate were determined to estimate carbon supply and cost of field-grown “No Mai Tsz” litchi fruits through their developing period to establish carbon budget and to estimate the minimum number of leaves required for sustaining the growth of fruits. Our results found that, respiration under dark（Rd）, light（RL）,photosynthesis （Rd-RL）and net total respiration loss【（1/2）Rd+RL】. During fruit development, the rate of Rd, RL, （Rd-RL） and 【（1/2）Rd+RL】 declined markedly on fresh weight basis, whereas increased continuously on fruit basis. On average, fruit photosynthate accounted for 23.7% of carbon supply for fruit growth, and other sources accounted for the remaining 76.3%. For the carbon cost, 67.0% of the total carbon was accumulated as dry material whereas the remaining 33.0% comprised of the respiratory carbon loss. Supposing the leaves born on fruiting shoots were the only exogenous source for supplying carbon to the growing fruit and the growing fruit was the only sink for photosynthate, leaflet to fruit ratio increased with fruit development and reached its first peak 1.7（i.e., 0.3 leaf） at the 5th week and the second peak 10.8（i.e.,1.8 leaf） at the 11th week, then declined to 7.8（i.e., 1.3 leaf） at 12th week after full bloom（AFB）. It’s indicated that the minimum number of leaflet required for sustaining a fruit of 18.6g fresh weight or 4.1g dry weight with 19.2°Brix at maturation was 10.8（i.e.,1.8 leaf）.
To elucidate the impacts of leaf number on fruit set and fruit quality in “No Mai Tsz” litchi, leaf number per fruiting shoot was adjust to 0, 2, 5, 10, 15 by girdling six-year-old field grown trees at the 3rd and 8th weeks after full bloom (AFB) respectively to estimate leaf to fruit ratio throughout growing period and leaf area required for adequate fruit growth at harvest. Fruit growth, and fruit set were monitored weekly, and fruit quality after harvest was analyzed. The 3rd-5th week and the 9-11th week AFB were the peaks of relative growth rate (RGR) and absolute growth rate (AGR) of dry matter accumulation respectively. Fruit set per cluster significantly increased in relation to an increase in leaf numbers one week after girdling at the 3rd week AFB. However, no significant difference emerged between the 15-leaf cluster and the ungirlded control throughout the fruit developmental period. A significant increase in fruit set from treatments of more than the 10-leaf cluster was also recorded when girdling was performed at the 8th week AFB. At harvest, only seed weight from 2-leaf clusters with girdling performed at the 3rd week AFB and seed weight from 0-leaf clusters with girdling performed at the 8th week AFB decreased significantly in relation to an increase in leaf number. However, percentage of relative fruit set, fruit size, fruit fresh weight, aril weight, and total soluble solids（TSS）increased significantly in response to an increase in leaf numbers per fruiting shoot. However, there was no significant difference between the 15-leaf cluster and the ungirdled control among fruit set and fruit characteristics. Leaf to fruit ratio in the 15-leaf treatment reached its peak 0.9, i.e., 5.0-5.5 cm2 g-1 FW was required to sustain the growth of 16-18 fruits per cluster, and weighted 17.9-18.3 g, TSS 19.1-19.3 oBrix per fruit. It is suggested that leaf numbers of less than 15 per fruiting shoot significantly decreased fruit retention and fruit quality after harvest when girdling was performed at both the 3rd and 8th week AFB
In summary, inflorescence thinning does not enhance fruit set as well as fruit quality in “Yu Her Pau” litchi. The amount（percentage）of hermaphrodite function as female flowers or shriveled seed does not significantly influence fruit retention per cluster, whereas fruit characteristics are significantly reguated by seed weight in ‘No Mai Tsz’litchi. It is suggested that fruit set and fruit quality are closely mediated by carbohydrate demand/supply in ‘No Mai Tsz’litchi.

內 容
圖表目錄 Index of Figures and Tbles………………………………7
緒言 Introduction …………………………………………………… 15
第o章 前人研究 Literature review …………………………………23
第一章 疏花序未影響玉荷包荔枝花性、偏雌花重量、著果與果實品質 …………………………………………………………………………… 51
第二章 糯米糍荔枝花性、著果與果實性狀之研究 ………………… 73
第三章 糯米糍荔枝果實之生育 ………………………………………105
第四章 糯米糍荔枝葉片氣體交換特性之研究 ………………………137
第五章 糯米糍荔枝果實碳帳與所需最少葉片數之估算 ………… 169
第六章 葉片數影響糯米糍荔枝著果與果實品質 ……………………201
第七章 總結 ……………… …………………………………………235
附錄 ……………………………………………………………………249

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