臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近來，網絡連線遊戲伴隨網咖水漲船高，競技、對戰、軍事戰略遊戲大受歡迎，但此類遊戲卻是將暴力、侵略、為達目的不擇手段等負面價值觀包裹糖衣，讓人忽視其強大、潛移默化的影響。軍事侵略的暴力電玩挾大量聲光刺激，俘虜年幼無知、不具判斷思考能力的青少年。不過，現今社會對電玩暴力效果的關注極為缺乏，即便國際社會亦是鳳毛麟角。本研究重點便在於探究真實情境下電玩暴力的影響效果，檢視其是否將對學童造成認知（腦中暴力網絡的建構、聯結）、態度（將攻擊行為視為解決衝突的方法）、甚至行為（攻擊行為的展現）層面的影響。另一重點為試圖推導電玩暴力的作用歷程，並依基本研究變項劃分次級群體，進而獲知何種特性的受訪者其電玩暴力作用歷程為何，以利社會大眾認識、瞭解、進一步防範電玩暴力的可能負面影響。
二階段研究資料的收集分別於民國八十九年九月份與十二月份完成。每一階段皆獲得超過九百位學童的資料結構，並有八百七十二位學童具有完整二階段的研究資料。資料中包括學童使用電玩暴力的頻率、日常攻擊行為的頻率、電玩暴力網絡的測量、暴力行為的接受度、及媒介暴力、同儕暴力、家庭暴力的程度等。而攻擊行為的測量則以學童自我評量的方式進行之。
二橫斷研究發現，電玩暴力對學童攻擊行為具有短期影響效果。在控制其他第三因變項的可能影響下，電玩暴力的使用頻率與學童日常攻擊行為的展現具有顯著正相關。電玩暴力與暴力網絡、暴力態度亦存在顯著正向關係。整體而言，使用電玩暴力越頻繁的學童將會有較綿密的暴力網絡，對暴力行為亦有較高的接受度，進而展現較多的攻擊行為。而在電玩暴力作用途徑的探討上，由於電玩結合多種學習型態（例如形塑、演練、強化），致使電玩暴力的作用途徑也包含多種可能：有直接影響攻擊行為的效果；或是先影響暴力網絡、暴力態度，而後影響攻擊行為的間接效果。但有趣的是，對不同性別與所處環境暴力程度不一的受訪者而言，作用歷程將有所不同。對男生與身處高度環境暴力者而言，在電玩暴力作用歷程中，媒介暴力預示效果將間接引發攻擊行為；但對女生來說，電玩暴力將藉由先影響暴力態度，而後對攻擊行為產生間接作用，媒介暴力預示效果則不存在於電玩暴力的作用歷程中。處於低度環境暴力者，其媒介暴力預示效果不僅無任何作用，電玩暴力的使用甚至對攻擊行為無直接或間接的影響效果。二次研究資料皆獲得以上一致結果。另外由資料顯示，使用者學制並非對電玩暴力作用有極大影響，反倒是使用電玩暴力的頻率具決定關鍵，換言之，使用電玩暴力較頻繁者，電玩暴力作用歷程將多元化，預示效果也將此展現，使用較不頻繁者，預示效果並不存在。
縱貫式研究，則進一步確認了使用電玩暴力對學童攻擊行為的長期影響。二者具有非虛假的因果關係，亦即是說，使用電玩暴力越頻繁的學童，將導致其日後越頻繁的攻擊行為。日後的暴力網絡、暴力態度，也將因先前頻繁使用電玩暴力而增加。本研究所得的啟發與限制亦將一併討論。

第一章研究動機與背景
第一節前言………………………………………………1
一、電玩的可能影響…………………………………2
二、電玩廣受歡迎……………………………………4
三、電玩充斥暴力內容………………………………5
四、人們喜歡電玩暴力………………………………6
第二節研究問題與價值…………………………………8
一、研究問題…………………………………………8
二、研究價值…………………………………………9
第三節論文架構…………………………………………12
第二章 文獻回顧
第一節電玩暴力的媒體特性……………………………13
第二節電玩暴力與學童攻擊行為之文獻回顧…………17
一、電玩暴力與學童攻擊行為之實驗研究…………18
二、電玩暴力與學童攻擊行為之非實驗研究………22
三、整合性研究………………………………………25
第三節既有媒介暴力研究的啟發………………………26
一、現有理論觀點……………………………………26
二、現有研究的缺失…………………………………30
第四節媒介暴力的作用歷程……………………………32
一、媒介暴力與預示效果……………………………32
二、電玩暴力的預示效果……………………………38
三、環境暴力對電玩暴力效果的影響………………42
第五節 小結……………………………………………… 44
第三章 研究方法
第一節研究假設…………………………………………46
第二節研究架構…………………………………………48
第三節研究設計…………………………………………50
第四節主要變項的測量…………………………………51
第五節樣本組成…………………………………………61
一、第一階段橫斷研究（民國89年9月）………… 62
二、第二階段橫斷研究（民國89年12月）…………62
三、縱貫研究…………………………………………63
第四章 資料分析
第一節主要變項的描述性統計…………………………64
1.全體樣本…………………………………………64
2.比較群體間的差異………………………………67
（1）性別間差異………………………………………67
（2）學制間差異………………………………………70
（3）環境暴力間差異…………………………………72
3.縱貫研究…………………………………………74
第二節相關分析…………………………………………75
一、橫斷資料的相關分析……………………………75
1.全體樣本…………………………………………76
2.比較群體間的差異………………………………78
（1）性別間差異………………………………………78
（2）學制間差異………………………………………82
（3）環境暴力間差異…………………………………86
二、縱貫資料的相關分析……………………………89
1.全體樣本…………………………………………90
2.性別間差異………………………………………91
3.學制間差異………………………………………93
第三節複迴歸分析………………………………………95
一、自變項與應變項影響方向性的推論……………96
二、第一階段資料分析………………………………97
（一）全體樣本…………………………………………97
（二）不同性別之樣本…………………………………100
1.男生………………………………………………100
2.女生………………………………………………102
3.小結………………………………………………104
（三）不同學制之樣本…………………………………105
1.國小………………………………………………105
2.國中………………………………………………107
3.小節………………………………………………110
（四）不同環境暴力之樣本……………………………110
1.處於高度環境暴力者……………………………110
2.處於低度環境暴力者……………………………113
3.小結………………………………………………115
三、第二階段資料分析………………………………116
（一）全體樣本…………………………………………116
（二）不同性別之樣本…………………………………119
1.男生………………………………………………119
2.女生………………………………………………121
3.小結………………………………………………123
（三）不同學制之樣本…………………………………124
1.國小………………………………………………124
2.國中………………………………………………126
3.小結………………………………………………128
（四）不同環境暴力之樣本……………………………129
1.處於高度環境暴力者……………………………129
2.處於低度環境暴力者……………………………131
3.小結………………………………………………134
四、電玩暴力長期效果的複迴歸分析………………135
（一）全體樣本…………………………………………135
（二）不同性別之樣本…………………………………138
1.男生………………………………………………138
2.女生………………………………………………141
3.小結………………………………………………143
（三）不同學制之樣本…………………………………144
1.國小………………………………………………144
2.國中………………………………………………146
3.小結………………………………………………148
第五章 結論與檢討
第一節研究結果與啟示…………………………………150
一、電玩暴力與學童攻擊行為………………………150
二、電玩暴力的預示效果與電玩暴力的作用歷程…153
（一）短期作用…………………………………………153
（二）長期作用…………………………………………160
三、環境暴力對電玩暴力作用歷程的影響…………161
四、研究啟示…………………………………………164
第二節研究限制與討論…………………………………165
第三節電玩暴力的遏制…………………………………166
參考書目…………………………………………………… 171
附錄A：第一階段的問卷內容………………………………181
附錄B：第二階段的問卷內容………………………………187

Anderson,C.A.,and Dill,K.E.(2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts,feelings,and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(4), 772-790
Anderson,C.A.,Anderson,K.B.,and Deuser,W.E.(1996). Examining an affective aggression framework: Weapon and temperature effects on aggressive thoughts, affect, and attitudes. Personality and Social Psuchology Bulletin,22(4),366-376.
Anderson,C.A.,and Ford,C.M.(1986). Affect of the game player: Short-term effects of highly and mildly aggressive video games. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin,12(4), 390-402.
Ballard,M.E.,and Weist,J.R.（1996）. Mortal Kombat（tm）： The effects of violent videogame play on males’ hostility and cardiovascular responding. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,26（8）,717-730.
Bandura,A.(1973). Aggression:a social learning analysis. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Berkowitz,L.(1984). Some effects of thoughts on anti- and prosocial influences of media events: A Cognitive-Neoassociation Analysis. Psychological Bulletin,95(3),410-427.
Berkowitz,L.(1986). Situational influences on reactions to observed violence. Journal of Social Issues,42(3),93-106.
Berkowitz,L.(1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A Cognitive-Neoassociationistic Analysis. American Psychologist,45(4),494-503.
Berkowitz,L.(1993). Aggression-Its causes,consequences,and control. Temple University Press.Philadephia.
Berkowitz,L.,and Geen,R.G.(1966). Film violence and the cue properties of available targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,5,364-368.
Berkowitz,L.,and Geen,R.G.(1967). Stimulus qualities of the target of aggression: A further study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,5(3),364-368.
Berkowitz,L.,and LePage,A.(1967). Weapons as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,7(2),202-207.
Berkowitz, L.,and Rodgers, K. H.(1986). A priming effect analysis of media influences. In J. Bryant and D. Zillmann(Eds.), Perspectives on media effects. Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum. pp.57-81.
Braun,C.M.J.,and Giroux,J.(1989). Arcade video games: Proxemic,cognitive and content analyses. Journal of Leisure Research,21(2),92-105.
Bushman,B.J.(1995). Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69(5),950-960.
Bushman,B.J.(1996). Individual differences in the extent and development of aggressive cognitive-associative networks. Personality and Socail Psychology Bulletin,22(8),811-819.
Bushman,B.J.(1998). Priming effects of media violence on the accessibility of aggressive constructs in memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24(5),537-545.
Bushman,B.J.,and Geen,R.G.(1990). Role of cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences in the effects of media violence on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,58(1),156-163.
Buchman,D.D.,and Funk, J.B. (1996). Video and computer games in the ‘90s: Children’s time commitment and game preference. Children Today,24,12-16.
Buss, A.H., and Perry, M.(1992). The Aggression Questionaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63,452-459.
Carlson,M.,Marcus-Newhall,A.,and Miller,N.(1990). Effects of situational aggression cues: A quantitative review. Journal of Personality and Socail Psychology,58(4),622-633.
Chambers, H. J.,and Ascione, R. F. (1985). The effects of prosocial and aggressive videogames on children’s donating and helping. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 148(4), 499-505.
Colwell,J.,Grady,C.,and Rhaiti,S.(1995). Computer games,self-esteem and gratification of needs in adolescents. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology,5,195-206.
Cooper, J.,and Mackie, D. (1986). Video games and aggression in children.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,16(8), 726-744.
Creasey, G.L., and Myers, B.J.(1986). Video games and children: Effects on leisure activities,schoolwork,and peer involvement. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,2(3),251-262.
Dietz, T. L. (1998). An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles,38(5/6),425-442.
Dill,K.E.,and Dill,J.C.(1998). Video game violence: A review of the empirical literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior,3(4), 407-428.
Dominick, R. J. (1984). Videogames,television violence,and aggression in teenagers. Journal of Communication,34(2), 136-147.
Egli,E.A.,and Meyers,L.S.（1984）. The role of video game playing in adolescent life： Is there reason to be concerned？ Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,22(4),309-312.
Fling,S.,Smith,L.,Rodriguez,T.,Thornton,D.,Atkins,E.,and Nixon,K.(1992). Videogames,aggression,and self-esteem: A survey. Social Behavior and Personality,20(1),39-46.
Funk, J.B.,and Buchman, D.D.(1996). Playing violent video and computer games and adolescent self-concept. Journal of Communication, 46(2), 19-32.
Gardner,J.E.(1991). Can the Mario Bros. help?Nintendo games as an adjunct in psychotherapy with children. Psychotherapy,28,66-670.
Geen,R.G.,and Thomas,S.L.(1986). The immediate effects of media violence on behavior. Journal of Social Issues,42(3),7-27.
Gibb, D.G., Bailey, R.J., Lambirth, T.T. , and Wilson, P.W. (1983). Personality differences between high and low electronic video game users. The Journal of Psychology,114,159-165.
Graybill, D., Kirsch, J.R., and Esselman, E.D.(1985). Effects of playing violent versus nonviolent video games on the ideation of aggressive and nonaggressive children. Childr Study Journal,15(3),199-205.
Griffiths,M.D.(1991). Amusement machine playing in childhood and adolescence:A comparative analysis of video games and fruit machines. Journal of Adolescence,14,53-73.
Griffiths,M.D.(1993). Are computer games bad for children？ The Psychologist,September,401-407.
Griffiths,M.D.,and Dancaster,I.（1995）. The effect of type A personality on physiological arousal while playing computer games. Addictive Behaviors,20（4）,543-548.
Griffiths,M.D.,and Hunt,N.(1995). Computer game playing in adolescence: Prevalence and demographic indicators. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology,5,189-193.
Griffiths,M.D.,and Hunt,N.(1998). Dependence on computer games by adolescents. Psychological Reports,82,475-480.
Gunter,B.(1998). The Effects of Video Games on Children: The Myth Unmasked. England: Sheffield Academic Press.
Hoffman,K.D.(1994). Effects of playing versus witnessing video game violence on attitudes toward aggression and acceptance of violence as a means of conflict resolution. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama.
Hsieh,H.C. (1995). The effect of cartoon and noncartoon violence on aggression by Taiwanese school children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Irwin,A.R.,and Gross,A.M.(1995). Cognitive tempo, violent video games, and aggressive behavior in young boys. Journal of family violence,10(3),337-350.
Josephson,W.L.(1987). Television violence and children’s aggression: Testing the priming,social script,and disinhibition predictions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,53(5),882-890.
Josephson,W.L.(1995), Television violence :A review of the effects on children of different ages. http://www.media-awareness.ca/eng/issues/violence/resource/reports/tvviorp.htm
Kestenbaum,G.I., and Weinstein, L.(1985). Personality,psychopathology, and developmental issues in male adolescent video game use. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,24(3),329-337.
Kinder,M.(1991). Playing with power in movies,television.and video games. Berkeley: University of California.
Klime,S.(1998), Video game culture: Leisure and play preferences of B.C. teens. http://www.media-awareness.ca/eng/issues/violence/resource/reports/vgames.htm
Kubey, R.,and Larson, R. (1990). The use and experience of the new video media among children and young adolescents. Communication Research, 17(1), 107-131.
Leyens,Jacques-Philippe,and Dunand,M.(1991). Priming aggressive thoughts: The effect of the anticipation of a violent movie upon the aggressive behavior of the spectators. European Journal of Social Psychology,21,507-516.
Lin,S.,and Lepper,M.R.(1987). Correlates of children’s usage of videogames and computers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,17(1), 72-93.
Loftus, G.A.,and Loftus, E.F.(1983). Mind at play: The psychology of video games. New York: Basic Books.
Lynch,P.(1994). Type A behavior,hostility,and cardiovascular function at rest and after playing video games in teenagers. Psychosomatic Medicine,56,152.
McClure, R.F.,and Mears, F.G. (1986). Videogame playing and psychopathology. Psychological Reports,59,59-62.
Mehrabian,A.,and Wixen,W.J.（1986）. Preferences for individual video games as a function of their emotional effects on players. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,16(1),3-15.
Morlock,H.,Yando,T.,and Nigo,L.K.(1985). Motivation of video game players. Psychological Reports,57,247-250.
Nawrocki, L.H., and Winner, J.L.(1983). Video games:Instructional,potential,and classification. Journal of Computer-Based Instrucion,10(3ƀ),80-82.
Nelson T.M., and Carlson D.R.(1985). Determining factors in choice of arcade games and their consequences upon young male players. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,15(2),124-139.
Provenzo,E.F., Jr. (1991). Video kids─making sense of Nintendo. London: Harvard University Press
Roe, K., and Muijs, D. (1998). Children and computer games. European Journal of Communication,13(2), 181-200.
Saxe,J.(1994). Violence in videogames: What are the pleasures? http://www.media-awareness.ca/eng/issues/violence/resource/reports/game.doc.htm
Schutte,N.S.,Malouff,J.M.,Post-Gorden,J.C.,and Rodasta,A.L.(1988). Effects of playing videogames on children’s aggressive and other behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,18(5),454-460.
Scott,D.(1995). The effect of video games on feelings of aggression. The Journal of Psychology,129(2), 121-132.
Selnow, W. G. (1984). Playing videogames:The electronic friend. Journal of Communication,34(2), 148-156.
Shimai,S.,Masuda,K.,and Kishimoto,Y.(1990). Influences of TV games on physical and psychological development of Japaneses kindergarden children. Psychological and Motor Skills,70,771-776.
Silvern, S.B., and Williamson, P.A.(1987). The effects of video game play on young children’s aggression,fantasy,and prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,8,453-462.
Sneed,C.,and Runco,M.A.(1991). The beliefs adults and children hold about television and video games. The Journal of Psychology,126(3),273-284.
Turner,C.W.,Simons,L.S.,Berkowitz,L.,and Frodi,A.(1977). The stimulating and inhibiting effects of weapons on aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior,3,355-378.
Van Schie,G.M.E.,and Wiegman, Oene.(1997). Children and videogames:Leisure activities,aggression,social integration,and school performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,27(13), 1175-1194.
Wigand, T. R., Borstelmann, E. S.,and Boster, J. F. (1986). Electronic leisure:Video game usage and the communication climate of video arcades. In McLaughlin, L. M. (Vol. 9 Ed.), Communication yearbook,275-293.
Winkel, M., Novak, M. D.,and Hopson, H. (1987). Personality factors,subject gender,and the effects of aggressive video games on aggression in adolescents. Journal of Research in Personality,21,211-223.