臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

“有螯龍蝦”係指第一步足具大鉗的多螯蝦下目及螯龍蝦派種類，其與無螯下目、雕蝦下目及淡水螯蝦共同泛稱為長尾爬行蝦。許多分子演化親緣關係研究著重在第一步足無完鉗的無螯下目、雕蝦下目，以及第一步足具大鉗的淡水螯蝦類。本研究針對鮮少以分子遺傳分析的海水螯蝦（螯龍蝦派）以及多螯蝦下目建立物種數目更趨完整之分子親緣關係樹。研究過程中發現的兩種印度西太平洋Thaumastocheles新種以及五種台灣新紀錄(4種多螯蝦及1種海螯蝦)亦已彙整發表。分子親緣關係結果支持現今海螯蝦科下的各屬，然而並不完全支持目前現生多螯蝦所有的屬且至少需多建立一個新屬。以分子遺傳配合形態特徵分析多螯蝦科及螯龍蝦派各成功找出44及37個共衍徵。現生多螯蝦可能起源於白堊紀晚期的東大西洋或地中海。Willemoesia屬為目前已知分布最深的多螯蝦；由於其在演化關係樹上較晚出現，且其眼柄相對短於其他現生多螯蝦，因此本結果支持多螯蝦下目起源於淺海並往深海移動棲息的假說。螯龍蝦派的分子親緣關係樹呈現兩個主要類群，包括礁螯蝦科及海螯蝦科。礁螯蝦科內可再分為兩個明顯的群，形態上亦能以尾柄側緣刺的數量作為區分，故本研究支持本科可分為兩屬。現今礁螯蝦可能起源於侏儸紀早期的西北太平洋海域，藉由地中海進入大西洋。海螯蝦科下共分三亞科，然其中兩亞科在本研究結果中呈非單系群，且過去以形態進行海螯蝦親緣關係分析所提出的一些共衍徵證實為趨同演化的結果。雖然Acanthacaris屬在本研究中是海螯蝦較原始的一屬，目前研究資料仍無法判斷海螯蝦類的共同起源，然海螯蝦科下的各屬可能起源於不同地區。鋸指螯蝦類可能起源於白堊紀晚期的歐洲。Metanephrops 屬起源於高緯度的南極，西風洋流(WWD)則可能是造成分布主要侷限於南半球的海螯蝦屬演化親緣關係相近的原因。建立更趨完整的爬行蝦分子親緣關係樹仍無法決定長尾爬行蝦是否為有效的一個分類單元。

“Lobster with claw” refers to the members within Polychelida and Homarida. They also belong to the controversial taxon Macrura Reptantia, which contains four infraorders, namely Achelata, Glypheidea, Polychelida, and Astacidea (including Astacida and Homarida). There are extensive molecular phylogenetic analyses on Achelata, Glypheidea, as well as freshwater crayfishes (i.e. Astacida). However, limited molecular phylogenetic works have been focused on Polychelida and Homarida. The present work constructs molecular phylogenetic trees on Polychelida and Homarida on a broad taxonomic coverage. During specimen sourcing and molecular analyses, two new Thaumastocheles species from the Indo-West Pacific and five Taiwanese new records (four in Polychelidae and one in Nephropidae) have been reported. The present molecular topologies supported the current genera in Homarida but suggested at least one new genus should be erected for Polychelidae. 44 and 37 synapomorphies are identified in Polychelidae and Homarida, respectively. Extant polychelids are likely originated from either eastern Atlantic or the Mediterranean Sea in the Late Cretaceous. The more derived genus Willemoesia with shorter eye stalks and deepest bathymetrical distribution supports the onshore-offshore shift in polychelidan lobsters. The homaridan lobsters, on the other hand, divided into two main clades, corroborating the two families presently recognized in this group (i.e. Enoplometopidae, Nephropidae). The two genera scheme in Enoplometopidae is well supported and can be separated by the number of spines on lateral margin of telson. Enoplometopid lobsters likely originated from northwestern Pacific in the Early Jurassic and then dispersed into the Atlantic through the Mediterranea. Two of the three subfamilies in Nephropidae are shown to be invalid. Several characters believed to be synapomorphies in Homarida from previous morphological analyses are revealed to be convergent characters. Acanthacaris occupied the earlier branch in Nephropidae, however, the origin of nephropid lobsters is unclear though most genera in this family have their origin and dispersal pathway identified. The three thaumastocheliform genera (i.e. Dinochelus, Thaumastocheles, Thaumastochelopsis) could originate from Europe in the Late Cretaceous. Metanephrops may evolve from southern high latitude. Those monophyletic nephropid genera mainly restricted in the southern hemisphere may disperse via West Wind Drift (WWD). A phylogenetic molecular analysis with broader taxonomic coverage on Reptantia still cannot fully resolve if Macrura Reptantia is a valid taxon.

Introduction 1
Two new Thaumastocheles species in the Indo-West Pacific and five new records from Taiwan 6
Introduction 7
Material and Methods 10
Results 12
New records of Polychelidae and Nephropidae from Taiwan 12
New thaumastocheliform species from the Indo-West Pacific 19
Discussion 31
Phylogenetic relationships, generic implication, and dispersal hypothesis of the family Polychelidae 32
Introduction 33
Material and Methods 36
Results…. 40
Discussion 43
Phylogenetic relationships and dispersal hypothesis of the section Homarida 52
Introduction 53
Material and Methods 57
Results 60
Discussion 62
Evolution of thaumastocheliform lobsters 72
Introduction 73
Material and Methods 75
Results 79
Discussion 83
Taxonomic status of Macrura Reptantia 88
Introduction 89
Material and Methods 90
Results and Discussion 92
Conclusion 93
References 96
Appendix I 174
Appendix II 175
Appendix III 176
Appendix IV 177

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