臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

再生能源應用在現今溫室效應造成環境氣候變化的嚴重衝擊之下，益發突顯其重要性，尤其能源多元化已成為世界各國能源政策努力的目標。近年來，小型分散式發電系統已廣泛設置利用，且數量逐年成長，例如，電力儲能設備、太陽能電力系統與風力發電系統均已有效與市電系統併聯運轉。
所謂孤島運轉現象係指分散式發電系統與市電系統並聯供電時，當市電系統發生故障或因維修與分散式發電系統解聯，但分散式發電系統未即時檢知並切離市電系統，而呈現獨立供電的現象。當發生孤島運轉現象時，孤島運轉監測系統應立即監測出此狀況並且立即停止供應電力予用戶端負載，以免造成危害。
孤島現象偵測技術主要可分為被動式與主動式偵測法兩大類，由文獻測試結果顯示，上述方法對於某些特定負載仍然存在「孤島現象不可偵測區域」。因此，本文提出電壓差分相關性法以克服上述孤島現象監測法之缺失。電壓差分相關性法係利用反流器輸出週期性擾動脈波電流，並且監測負載端電壓峰值波動與週期性脈波電流之相關性，本文藉由所提之方法建構一孤島效應監測指標，以利分散式發電系統孤島運轉診斷。
為驗證所提分散式風力發電系統孤島現象偵測法之可行性，本文利用MATLAB套裝軟體模擬系統架構，並進行不同干擾測試，其中包括併聯運轉與孤島運轉測試，此外，針對瞬間風速改變與電力系統各種電力品質干擾訊號情形，本文亦進行模擬測試。經由數值結果證實，本文所提之孤島現象檢測法能有效縮小孤島現象不可偵測區域並且能提高孤島現象診斷準確率。

Renewable energy has been drawing more attention since the advent of global warming effects. Multiple energy sources have currently become one of the goals for the energy policy of the developed countries around the world. Over the last decades, an increased percentage of the installation of dispersed mall-scaled generators, such as battery energy storage systems, photovoltaic systems, wind generation, and cogeneration, have been operated effectively in parallel with utility networks.
Islanding operation is a situation in which the dispersed power system keeps supplying electric power to a distribution network even when the utility grid loses power due to fault or maintenance. When the islanding operation occurs, the islanding detection systems should detect it and disconnect from the grid immediately.
The existing of the categories of islanding detection methods, are generally classified into passive and active techniques. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that “non-detection zones” still exist for some specific load impedances. Hence, a new algorithm using differential voltage correlation method is proposed in this paper to alleviate this problem. The DVC method injects a perturbing periodic signal into the inverter output current to the power system and monitors the correlation function between the periodic signal and the perturbed voltage at the connection point. Through the proposed method, an islanding detection index can be evaluated that serves as a useful reference to activate the protective relays.
To verify the proposed approach for islanding detection of dispersed wind power generation systems, the method has been implemented in Matlab programming tools. This approach has been evaluated under different scenarios, which include both loss of grid interconnection and parallel operation. Impacts of wind speed abrupt change and power-quality disturbances on the detection performance are also examined. From the test results, the effectiveness of the approach to reduce non-detection zone and improve the diagnosis accuracy has been demonstrated.

目錄
中文摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 IX
第一章 簡介 1
1-1 研究背景 1
1-2 研究動機 2
1-3 文獻回顧 3
1-4 研究方法 5
1-5 本論文貢獻 7
1-6 論文組織架構 7
第二章 分散式風力發電系統 9
2-1 簡介 9
2-2 風力發電系統架構 9
2-2-1 風力發電最大功率追蹤 9
2-2-2 反流器之設計 12
2-2-3 市電併聯控制策略 13
2-3直流至交流切換式反流器分析 14
2-3-1 正弦脈寬調變原理 14
2-3-2 PWM電壓雙極性切換 17
2-3-3 PWM電壓單極性切換…………………………….… 21
2-3-4 濾波器設計 23
2-4鎖相迴路操作原理……………………… ……………...24
2-4-1 鎖相迴路分析 24
2-4-2 相位比較器 25
2-4-3 壓控制振盪器 25
2-4-4 迴路濾波器 27
2-4-5 迴路操作 27
2-5本章結論 30
第三章 現有孤島效應偵測技術 31
3-1 簡介 31
3-2被動式偵測技術 31
3-2-1保護電驛檢測技術 32
3-2-2相位偏移檢測技術 34
3-2-3電壓諧波檢測技術 34
3-3主動式偵測技術 35
3-3-1自動頻率漂移技術 35
3-3-2滑差式頻率位移技術 37
3-3-3電壓脈波擾動技術 39
3-4 本章結論………………………………….. 42
第四章 電壓差分相關性擾動技術 43
4-1 簡介 43
4-2系統運轉架構說明 43
4-2-1分散式發電系統與市電併聯情形 45
4-2-2分散式發電系統孤島運轉情形 47
4-3負載電壓峰值訊號特徵擷取 49
4-4電壓差分演算法 52
4-5孤島效應偵測指標 54
4-6本章結論 56
第五章 模擬結果與比較 57
5-1 簡介 57
5-2電力孤島運轉偵測技術比較 57
5-2-1電感性負載測試 58
5-2-2電容性負載測試 62
5-3孤島運轉與電力故障訊號干擾測試 65
5-3-1孤島運轉與電壓驟降干擾 65
5-3-2孤島運轉與電壓突昇干擾 67
5-3-3孤島運轉與電力諧波干擾 69
5-3-4孤島運轉與電壓閃爍干擾 71
5-3-5孤島運轉與雜訊干擾測試 73
5-3-6風速遽變 75
5-3-7負載容量驟變 77
5-4孤島效應監測系統誤判情況 82
5-5本章結論 92
第六章 結論與未來研究方向 93
6-1結論 93
6-2未來研究方向 94

參考文獻 96


圖目錄
圖2-1 風力輪機之性能係數 特性曲線示意圖 11
圖2-2 風力輪機之輸出功率對發電機頻率特性曲線示意圖 11
圖2-3 單臂切換式反流器 14
圖2-4 正弦脈波寬度調變 15
圖2-5 振幅調製指數與輸出電壓關係 17
圖2-6 單相全橋式反流器架構圖 18
圖2-7 雙極性電壓切換脈波寬度調變 19
圖2-8 反流器濾波器架構圖 20
圖2-9 單向單極性電壓切換脈波寬度調變 23
圖2-10 鎖相迴路系統方塊圖 25
圖2-11 電壓控制振盪器輸出偏壓對頻率之特性曲線圖 26
圖2-12 迴路濾波器 27
圖2-13 鎖相迴路操作訊號流程圖 28
圖3-1 分散式發電系統與市電網路併聯架構 33
圖3-2 主動頻率漂移與穩態操作點 37
圖3-3 滑差式頻率位移法輸出電流與電壓波形 38
圖3-4 滑差式頻率位移法與穩態操作點 38
圖3-5 分散式電源與市電併聯系統架構圖 39
圖3-6 反流器輸出擾動電壓 41
圖4-1 分散式發電系統與市電網路併聯示意圖 44
圖4-2 反流器輸出擾動電流 45
圖4-3 反流器輸出電流與擾動脈波 46
圖4-4 反流器輸出電流與市電電流 47
圖4-5 反流器輸出電流與市電電流 48
圖4-6 反流器輸出電流與負載電壓 48
圖4-7 峰值電壓搜尋示意圖 50
圖4-8 孤島運轉前後負載端電壓 50
圖4-9 峰值電壓收尋技術流程圖 51
圖4-10 分散式發電系統發生孤島現象前後電壓包絡線訊號 53
圖4-11 峰值電壓差分訊號圖 53
圖4-12 孤島現象偵測法流程圖 55
圖5-1 孤島運轉監測系統構圖 58
圖5-2 現有孤島現象偵測法電感性負載測試 60
圖5-3 電壓差分相關性法電感性負載測試 61
圖5-4 現有孤島現象偵測法電容性負載測試 63
圖5-5 電壓差分相關性法電容性負載測試 64
圖5-6 電壓驟降波形圖 65
圖5-7 分散式發電系統電壓驟降與孤島運轉電力訊號波形圖 66
圖5-8 電壓突昇波形圖 67
圖5-9 分散式發電系統電壓突昇與孤島運轉電力訊號波形圖 68
圖5-10 諧波電壓波形圖 69
圖5-11 分散式發電系統諧波干擾與孤島運轉電力訊號波形圖 70
圖5-12 電壓閃爍波形圖 71
圖5-13 分散式發電系統電壓閃爍與孤島運轉電力訊號波形圖 72
圖5-14 電力雜訊干擾波形圖 73
圖5-15 分散式發電系統雜訊干擾與孤島運轉電力訊號波形圖 74
圖5-16 分散式發電系統風速驟變與孤島運轉電壓電流波形圖 76
圖5-17 分散式發電系統負載變動與孤島運轉狀況之電壓與電….流波形圖 78
圖5-18 孤島現象不可偵測區域圖 82
圖5-19 反流器輸出脈波擾動與電壓驟降同步 85
圖5-20 反流器輸出脈波擾動與電壓驟降非同步 86
圖5-21 孤島運轉監測系統決策流程圖 91

表目錄
表5-1 負載與電力參數 58
表5-2 孤島效應監測指標值 79
表5-3 電力品質訊號測試案例與孤島現象偵測時間表 81
表5-4 反流器輸出脈波擾動與電壓驟降同步第一視窗計算…….之孤島效應偵測指標值 86
表5-5 反流器輸出脈波擾動與電壓驟降同步第二視窗計算…….之孤島效應偵測指標值 87
表5-6 反流器輸出脈波擾動與電壓驟降非同步第一視窗計算….之孤島效應偵測指標值 88
表5-7 反流器輸出脈波擾動與電壓驟降非同步第二視窗計算….之孤島效應偵測指標值 89

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