臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

西元前413年到410年間，雅典民主社會發生一連串憲政危機。在西西里遠征戰敗後，雅典於西元前411年，一改從Cleisthenes開始發展近一百年的民主制度為寡頭制，接連產生兩個寡頭政權後又旋即解散，雅典因此分裂成在Attica本土的寡頭政府與在Samos的民主政府。410年分裂狀態結束，雅典回復民主制度，重新結為統一的城邦。本文研究此動盪時期，雅典政體更迭與城邦分裂的歷史經驗，透過討論411年的寡頭政變如何成功奪取政權、雅典分裂期間產生的憲政衝突，和最後城邦回歸統一時，雅典人如何穩固他們重建的民主統治，呈現雅典人面臨戰爭壓力和城邦生存威脅下，產生對於其民主歷史、憲政制度、公民參政權的不同詮釋及衝突，以及雅典人在此時期的城邦政治鬥爭中，如何表述、實踐與維護他們認為雅典應有的城邦政體（Politeia）。

Between 413 B.C. and 410 B.C., Athens’ democratic society experienced a constitutional crisis. Following the failure of the Sicilian Expedition, in 411 B.C. Athenians changed a democratic system spanning nearly a century to the time of Cleisthenes, replacing it with an oligarchy. After a succession of two oligarchic regimes, the new system dissolved and Athens split into two parts: an oligarchic government in Attica and a democratic government in Samos. In 410 B.C., this division came to an end. Athens’ democratic system was restored and Athens again became a unified city-state.
This paper examines this time of turmoil in which Athens’ administrative system failed and the city-state split. It discusses the 411 B.C. oligarchy’s success in gaining power, the constitutional crisis created at the time of Athens’ division, and the final reunification of the city-state. In doing so, this paper aims to illuminate how the Athenians stabilized reconstructed democratic rule, as well as consider differing interpretations and disagreements regarding the impact of this episode, characterized by wartime pressures and threats to the city, on Athens’ democratic history, constitutional system, and regime based on citizen participation. Finally, the essay will discussion how the Athenians, in a time of political struggle in their city-state, expressed, practiced, and maintained what they believed to be the proper urban system (Politeia) of Athens.

第一章、緒論……………………………………………………………………………………………3
第一節、問題意識與章節安排……………………………………………………………3
第二節、研究回顧與史料評析……………………………………………………………5
1.研究回顧……………………………………………………………………………………………5
2.史料……………………………………………………………………………………………8
第三節、413年末到412年的雅典政治概況………………………………11
第二章、四百人政府的建立與倒台………………………………………………16
第一節、寡頭政變的形成與運作……………………………………………………16
1.寡頭政變在Samos醞釀…………………………………………………………………16
2.雅典本邦對寡頭份子的懷疑…………………………………………………………21
3.雅典水手對Alcibiades的態度…………………………………………………24
4.寡頭政變傳播到雅典…………………………………………………………………………25
第二節、四百人寡頭政府的建立、統治與倒台………………………………33
1.寡頭政權建立：起草新憲法………………………………………………………………33
2.寡頭政權建立：Colonus憲改會議…………………………………………………37
2-1.Thucydides的記錄………………………………………………………………………37
2-2. Athenaion Politeia的記錄………………………………………………39
2-3.分歧的寡頭憲法 ………………………………………………………………………………41
3.雅典四百人政府的統治與倒台 …………………………………………………………44
3-1.四百人政府穩固統治的工作與雅典人的反應…………………………44
3-2.四百人政府的內外危機…………………………………………………………………52
第三章、民主雅典在Samos……………………………………………………………………60
第一節：Samos的兩次革命經驗……………………………………………………………60
第二節：雅典海軍的獨立過程…………………………………………………………………65
1.雅典海軍的獨立起始………………………………………………………………………………66
2.雅典海軍的獨立論述………………………………………………………………………………72
3.雅典海軍策略改變……………………………………………………………………………………81
第四章、五千人政府的演變與功能……………………………………………………………88
第一節、五千人政府的演變…………………………………………………………………………89
1.五千人政府的建立過程……………………………………………………………………………89
2.五千人政府的論述演變……………………………………………………………………………96
第二節、回歸民主制度的前置工作：審判四百人政府與Demophantus法令……………………………107
1.審判四百人政府……………………………………………………………………………………………107
2.懲罰與獎勵……………………………………………………………………………………………112
3.穩固民主統治的Demophantus法令……………………………………………114
第五章、結論……………………………………………………………………………………………119
參考書目……………………………………………………………………………………………126

參考書目(Biliography)

史料(Prymary Texts)
Antiophon and Andocides, Antiophon and Andocides. Translated by Michal Gagarin and Douglas M. MacDowell. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007, Kindle edition.
Aristophanes, Birdss‧Lysistrata‧Woman at the Thesmophoria. Edited and Translated by Jeffrey Henderson. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Aristophanes, Frogs. edited with introduction and commentary by Kenneth Dover. Oxford: Clarendon, 2002.
Aristotle, Aristotle: the Politics and the Constitution of Athens. Edited by Stephen Everson. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Aristotle, Aristotle: rhetoric. Edited by Edward Meredith Cope and John Edwin Sandys. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Herodotus, The Histories. Translated by Robin Waterfield. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Lysias, Translated by S.C. Todd. Lysias. Austin: University of Texas, 2000.
Plutarch, Plutarch's Lives. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Harvard University Press, 1914.
Plutarch, Moralia Volume X. Translated by Harold North Fowler. Harvard University Press, 1960.
Pseudo-Xenophon, The old oligarch: Pseudo-Xenophon’s Constitution of the Athenians. Translated by Robin Osborne. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. Translated by Martin Hammond. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Xenophon, Translated by Rex Warner. A History of My Times. Penguin, 2004.

資料選輯(Collections of Sources)
Charles W. Fornara, Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War (Translated Documents of Greece and Rome). Cambridge University Press, 1983).

參考文獻(Secondary Literature)
Dillery, John. Xenophon And The History Of His Times. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Finley, Moses. Democracy Ancient and Modern. Rutgers University Press, 1985.
Fuks, Alexender. The Ancestral Constitutiobn: Four Studies in Athenian Party Politics at the End of the Fufth Century B.C. Greenwood, 1971.
Hornblower, Simon. Thucydides. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
Kagan, Donald, The Fall of the Athenian Empire. Cornell University Press, 1991.
Kagan, Donald, Thucydides: The reinvention of History. New York: Viking , 2009.
Lamberton, Robert. Plutarch. Yale University Press, 2001.
Meiggs, Russell, The Athenian Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Munn, Mark, The School of History: Athens in the Age of Socrates. London: University of California Press, 2000.
Ostwald, Martin, From Popular Sovereignty to The Sovereignty of Law─Law, Society, and Politics in Fifth-Century Athens. University of California Press, 1986.
Rhodes, P. J. A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia. Oxford University Press, 1993.
Roberts, Jennifer Tolbert. Athens on Trial-The Antidemocratic Tradition in Western Thought. Princeton University Press, 2011.
Shear, Julia L. Polis and Revolution: Responding to Oligarchy in Classical Athens. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Taylor, Martha. Thucydides, Pericles and the Idea of Athens in the Peloponnesian War. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

工具書(Reference Books)
Gomme, Arnold Wycombe., Andrewes, Antony and Dover, Kenneth James edited. Commentary on Thucydides Volume 5. Book VIII. Oxford University Press, 1981.
Hornblower, Simon. A Commentary on Thucydides Volume III. T Oxford University Press, 2010.

外文期刊(Journals)
Rhodes, P. J. “The Five Thousand in the Athenian Revolutions of 411 B. C.” The American Journal of Philology 75(1954): 131-146.
Mattingly, Harold B. “The Date and Purpose of the Pseudo-Xenophon Constitution of Athens.” The Classical Quarterly, New Series 47(1997): 352-357.
Alan H. Sommerstein, “Aristophanes and the events of 411.”, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 97(1977): 112-126.
Mogens Herman Hansen,“Solonian Democarcy in Fourth-Century Athens.” Classica Et Mediaevalia XL (1989): 71-99.
John Whitehorne, “O City of Kranaos! Athenian Identity in Aristophanes' Acharnians." Greece & Rome 52 (2005): 34-44.
W. S. Ferguson, “The Constitution of Theramenes.” Classical Philology 21 (1926): 72-73.
G. E. M. de. Ste Croix, “The Constitution of the Five Thousand.”Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 5(1956): 1-23.

中文專著
Roberts, J. T.。晏紹祥、石慶波、王寧 譯 審判雅典：西方思想中的反民主傳統。吉林出版集團有限責任公司，2012。