臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討梭羅《湖濱散記》四本中譯之副文本(paratext)間的差異性。四本中譯出版年份依序為一九四九年、一九六七年、一九九九年，及二○○一年。筆者採序言、圖片及註腳三種副文本，來探究台灣過去幾十年間副文本使用策略於翻譯文學之變化。一九七○年恰好是台灣出版業面臨較大轉變的時候，當時出版產業逐漸從戒嚴的桎梏中鬆綁，卻很快地又面臨同業競爭激烈的環境。因此筆者以一九七○為分界，將四本中譯分成一九七○年前與一九七○年後兩組，探討翻譯文學之副文本使用策略在台灣的改變。
研究結果顯示出一九七○年前副文本的資訊種類為來源文本導向(source-oriented)，而一九七○年後副文本的資訊種類為目標文本導向(target-oriented)。筆者使用格特(Gutt, 2001)之關聯理論來討論這兩組副文本特性之差異。於一九七○年後之翻譯版本中，其目標導向資訊可提供較強的溝通線索(communicative clues)。此策略有助於達成有效溝通的語境效果(contextual effect)，故目標語讀者可花費較少心力(provessing effort)來處理訊息。反之，一九七○年前之譯本並未考量目標語讀者之需求，故無法有效引導他們去解讀文本內容。至於視覺輔助之副文本，一九七○年前之翻譯版本並未使用任何影像來輔助目標語讀者解讀文本，但一九七○年後之翻譯版本使用了許多照片及手繪插圖將文字圖像化。若依格特之關聯理論來看，視覺輔助可提供溝通線索，以幫助目標語讀者對文本內容有更清楚瞭解。一般而言，若整合文字及影像資訊可產生有效溝通之語境效果，以達成對目標語讀者的最佳關聯。
此外，筆者使用維米爾(Vermeer, 1978)的功能理論來解釋一九七○年前後版本中註腳資訊種類之改變。一九七○年後之翻譯版本使用較多「引述來源」及「譯者評論」之註腳，以達成美學欣賞和教育目的。反之，一九七○年前之翻譯版本使用較多「文化參考」之註腳，以達成引介西方文化之目的。於此，一九七○年前後文學翻譯之副文本的使用策略可呼應維米爾主張的目的論，即任何翻譯留有特定目的，而成功的翻譯必須達成此目的。

This study aims to investigate the differences in the types and functions of paratexts among the four Chinese translations of Henry David Thoreau’s (1817-1862) Walden, which were published in 1949, 1967, 1999 and 2002 respectively. The researcher emphasized three types of paratexts, such as the preface, visual aids, and notes, and discussed the changes of paratexts in the translated literature over the past several decades in Taiwan. 1970 is set up as the dividing year to categorize the collected translations into two groups—the pre-1970 and post-1970 groups. After 1970, Taiwan’s publishing industry was released from media censorship and changed its way of operation under the push of the fierce competition.
An investigation of the paratextual information in the prefaces lead to the results that the pre-1970 versions were source-oriented, and the post-1970 versions were target-oriented. Viewed from the perspective of Gutt’s (2001) relevance theory, the target-oriented information in the post-1970 versions provided stronger communicative clues, thus creating the greater contextual effect and reducing the target readers’ unnecessary processing efforts. In contrast, the source-oriented information in the pre-1970 version overlooked the target readers’ real needs and could not provide them with a useful guidance for reading. The findings in relation to the use of visual aids showed that the pre-1970 versions did not have any photos or illustrations inserted beside the main text, but the post-1970 versions used many photos and illustrations to visualize the textual narration. Visual aids, according to Gutt’s relevance theory, are communicative clues and can help the target readers to get a general picture about the textual content. Textual and visual information combined together help create the contextual effect to optimize the readers’ understanding.
Moreover, a shift in the focused informational types in the notes from 1949 to 2002 is supported by Vermeer’s (1978) skopos theory. More notes of quotation sources and the translator’s own comments in the post-1970 versions fulfilled the purpose of aesthetic appreciation and education. In contrast, the use of more notes of cultural references in the pre-1970 versions aimed to import the western culture. In this respect, the choice of different types of paratexts in the translations before and after 1970 accords with Vermeer’s skopos theory that each translation is assigned a specific purpose and a successful translation must achieve the purpose.

Chinese Abstract.......................................................................................i
English Abstract...................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgement.....................................................................................v
Table of Contents....................................................................................viii
List of Tables.............................................................................................x
List of Figures...........................................................................................vi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……..............................................................…1
1.1 Introduction to Walden…………..............................................................2
1.2 Research Motivation..........................................................................6
1.3 Research Question and Purposes.....................................................10

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW………….............................……..............13
2.1 Paratexts………………………………………............................................13
2.2 Relevance Theory…………………………….............................…...........15
2.3 The Skopos Theory…………………………….............................………….20
2.4 Development in Taiwan’s Publishing Industry….............................……22

CHPATER 3 PREFACES…………………………………………….......................…30
3.1 Informational Types of Prefaces……………………………………...…………30
3.2 Pre-1970 Group vs. Post-1970 Group………………………………..………...35
3.3 An Internal Comparison…………………….………………………….....………40
3.3.1 The 1949 Version vs. the 1967 Version…………………………....……..40
3.3.2 The 1999 Version vs. the 2002 Version…………………………....……..42
3.4 Summary………………………………………………………….........……………46

CHAPTER 4 VISUAL AIDS……………………………………………........................48
4.1 Linguistic Communication and Visual Communication………………………48
4.1.1 Linguistic Communication vs. Visual Communication………………....48
4.1.2 Linguistic Communication Combined with Visual Communication.….51
4.2 The Falling of Words and the Rising of Images…………………………….….53
4.2.1 The Visual Aids in Pre-1970 and Post-1970 Versions of Walden……..53
4.2.2 Pictorial Turn………………………………………………….....................57
4.3 The 1999 Version vs. the 2002 Version………………………………….….….59
4.4 Summary………………………………………………………………….........……66

CHPATER 5 NOTES………………………………………………........................……68
5.1 Notes…………………………………………………………….........……………..68
5.2 Note Types……………………………………………………........……………….73
5.3 Pre-1970 Group vs. Post-1970 Group……………………..…………………...79
5.4 An Internal Comparison…………………….……………….....…………………83
5.4.1 The 1949 Version vs. the 1967 Version……………….....………………83
5.4.2 The 1999 Version vs. the 2002 Version………..........................……87
5.5 Summary………………………………………………...........................…….100

CHPATER 6 CONCLUSN……………………………….........................……….….101
6.1 A Summary of the Findings………………………………...........................102
6.2 Research Significance and Implications………….........................…….105
6.3 Research Limitations and Suggestions…………….........................……108

PREFERENCES…………………………………………….........................…………109

APPENDIX 1…………………………………………………........................………..115
APPENDIX 2…………………………………………………........................………..118
APPENDIX 3………………………………………………........................…………..126

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