臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

知識經濟下企業核心的價值繫於創新活動，而創意人員創造力的智價優勢，更是決勝千里的關鍵。現實中，創意人員不僅要承受創意環境的壓力，個人理性思維創建的知識挑戰，更需焦慮地面臨創造力表現的虛無深淵。到底是什麼樣的能量激發著創意人員創造熱情的張力？創造歷程中如何牽引著某種強烈鏈結的內在反應，進而影響著創意人員的職場表現？Csiksentmihalyi (1975) 認為當個人面臨高度挑戰，會產生一種專注而忘我的意識狀態，一種自我實現滿足與靈思泉湧的體驗，稱之為心流經驗（flow experiences）。這樣的一種心靈與意識的情感體驗，賦予創造歷程本質的信念價值與意義。回顧以往的文獻後發現，國內外針對創造力與心流經驗整合的衡量工具實之闕如，為實證研究的需要，本篇研究應用Csikszentmihalyi（1975） 提出的心流理論，並參考其他心流學者與創造力學者發展的量表，針對創意歷程，發展出「創造力心流經驗量表」(Creativity Flow Experiences Scale, CFES)，衡量創意人員遭遇創造力心流經驗的狀態，做為日後針對創意人員研究的衡量工具，並啟開創造力研究的另一面向。
經由473位創意人員的參與及交叉驗證之結果顯示，31題九構面之CFES內部一致性、建構效度、收斂效度與區別效度皆有良好的水準。在效標關聯上對情緒耗竭、情感疏離有負向影響，對生涯滿意、創意自我效能、創新績效、工作滿意、創新行為等變項有正向影響，未來將可提供學術界量測創造力心流經驗的工具之外，期能增進心流理論基礎之發展，並做為實務界衡量員工創造力心流經驗的有效工具。

In today’s changing work environment, what kind of power encourages creative workers to involve in creative activities with great enthusiasm? Csiksentmihalyi (1975) deemed that while an individual is facing an extreme challenge, his consciousness would be in a self-forgetful status, and he will experience a content of self-accomplishment. Those experiences are so-called flow experiences. Although scholars have developed scales in specific settings, little explicit attention was given to creative settings. To capture flow experiences in creative activities, this study develops a new measure, the Creative Flow Experiences Scale (CFES), which was designed specifically to profile the flow experiences of individuals in creative situations. Based on the flow theory announced by Csikszentmihalyi (1975), confirmatory factor analysis, classical reliability, and observed correlations with relevant criteria were used to evaluate the scale. It is hypothesized that the CFES would be positively correlated with job satisfaction, career satisfaction, innovative behavior, innovative performance, and negatively correlated with job burnout.
A total of 473 participants, such as designers, writers, and R&D engineers, are used for developing and evaluating the CFES. Results of cross-validation indicate that the construct validity, reliability and criterion-related validity are supported. The implications of these results are also discussed.

中文摘要 …………………………………………………………… Ⅰ
Abstract …………………………………………………………… Ⅱ
目錄 ………………………………………………………………… Ⅲ
表目次 ……………………………………………………………… Ⅴ
圖目次 ……………………………………………………………… Ⅵ
第一章 緒論 ………………………………………………………… 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 ……………………………………… 1
第二節 研究目的 ……………………………………………… 6
第三節 研究範圍 ……………………………………………… 7
第四節 研究流程 ……………………………………………… 8
第五節 名詞釋義 ……………………………………………… 9
第二章 文獻探討 …………………………………………… 11
第一節 創造力 …………………………………………… 11
第二節 創造力心流經驗 ……………………………………… 16
第三章 研究方法 ……………………………………………… 28
第一節 研究概念 ………………………………………… 28
第二節 研究對象 ……………………………………………… 29
第三節 研究工具 ……………………………………………… 29
第四節 調查實施 ……………………………………………… 44
第五節 資料分析 ……………………………………………… 44
第四章 研究結果與討論 …………………………………… 48
第一節 樣本描述 …………………………………………… 48
第二節 信度與效度分析 ………………………………………… 53
第五章 結論與建議 …………………………………………… 68
第一節 研究主要發現 ……………………………………… 68
第二節 研究結論 ……………………………………………… 69
第三節 研究建議 ……………………………………………… 70
第四節 研究限制 …………………………………………… 75

參考文獻 ………………………………………………………… 78

附錄
附錄一 訪談大綱 ……………………………………………… 96
附錄二 正式問卷 ……………………………………………… 98

May, R. (1975/2001). The courage to create.
傅佩榮(譯)。創造的勇氣。台北︰立緒。
Piirto, J. (1992). Understanding those who create.
陳昭儀、陳琦、張素華(譯)。瞭解創意人。台北：心理。
余德慧(2001)。詮釋現象心理學。台北：心靈工坊。
余嬪、吳靜吉、林偉文與楊潔欣(2003)。成人玩興量表與組織玩興氣氛量表之發展。測驗學刋，50(1)，73-110。
林新沛(2005)。標準化迴歸係數的正確解釋。中山管理評論，13(2)，533-548。
張樑治、劉吉川與余嬪(2004)。安養機構老人心流體驗與生活滿意關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究，17(3)，19-36。
陳正男、丁學勤、林素吟與黃雯蓉(2003)。行銷相關工作的創造力需求與員工創造力績效受工作特性與組織特性之影響。人力資源管理學報，3(3)，27-55。
湯宗益與廖莉芬(2002)。遠距教學系統人機互動之研究：以Flow理論為基礎。資訊、科技與社會學報，2(2)，79-93。
葉玉珠、吳靜吉與鄭英燿(2000)。影響科技與資訊產業人員創意發展的因素之量表編製。師大學報，45(2)，39-63。
蔡明達、鍾志明與陳慶峰(2001)。資訊管理研究，1，99-111。
蘇慧堅與鍾燕宜(2004)。閱讀心流經驗於出版行銷策略之研究。出版與管理研究，1(1)，79-132。
Agrell, A., & Gustafson, R. (1996). Innovation and creativity in work groups. In M. West (Ed.), Handbook of work group psychology (pp. 317-343). London: Wiley.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123-167. Greenwich, CT： JAI.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations: On doing what you love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40(1), 39-58.
Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1154-1184.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Bakker, A. B. (2005). Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experience. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 26-44.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 341-356.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9-32.
Brown, S. L., & Eissenhardt, K. M. (1995). Product development: Past research, present findings, and future direction. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 343-378.
Byrne, B. M. (1994). Testing for the factorial validity, replication, and invariance of a measuring instrument: A paradigmatic application based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Multivariate Behavior Research, 29(3), 289-311.
Byrne, C., MacDonald, R., & Carlton, L. (2003). Assessing creativity in musical compositions: Flow as an assessment tool. British Journal of Music Education, 20, 177-290.
Chen, H., Wigand, R. T., & Nilan, M. (1999). Optimal experience of web activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 15(5), 585-608.
Chen, H., Wigand, R. T., & Nilan, M. (2000). Exploring Web user’s optimal flow experiences. Information Technology and People, 13(4), 263-283.
Chung, Y. Y., & Ding, C. G. (2002). Development of the sales locus of control scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 233-245.
Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584-594.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: The experience of play in work and games. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Society, culture, and person: A systems view of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The Nature of Creativity, 325-339. New York: Cambridge University.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper and Row.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: The work and lives of 91 eminent people. New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. & LeFevre, J.A. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 815-822.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
Demerouti, E. (2006). Job characteristics, flow, and performance: The moderating role of conscientiousness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(3), 266-280.
DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. London: Sage.
Diefendorff, J. M., Hall, R. J., Lord, R. G., & Strean, M. L. (2000). Action-state orientation: Construct validity of a revised measure and its relationship to work-related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 250-263.
Ding, L., Velicer, W. F., & Harlow, L. L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling, 2, 119-143.
Downey, R. G. & King, C. V. (1998). Missing data in Likert ratings: A comparison of replacement methods. The Journal of General Psychology, 125(2), 175-191.
Drazin, R., Glynn, M. A., & Kazanjian, R. K. (1999). Multilevel theorizing about creativity in organizations: A sensemaking perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 286-307.
Egbert, J. (2003). A study of flow theory in the foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 87(4), 499-518.
Eisenberger, R., Jones, J. R., Stinglhamber, F., Shanock, L., & Randall, A. T. (2005). Flow Experiences at work: for High Need Achievers alone? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 755-775.
Ellis, G. D., Voelkl, J. E., & Morris, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(4), 337-356.
Emerson, H. (1998). Flow and occupation: A review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 37-44.
Fisher, C. D. (2000). Mood and emotions while working: missing pieces of job satisfaction? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 185-202.
Ford, C. M., & Gioia, D. A. (1995). Creative action in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ford, C. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative action in multiple social domains. Academy of Management, 21(4), 1112-1143.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don’t: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 687-697.
Ghani, A. J., & Deshpande, P. S. (1994). Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human-computer interaction. The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381-391.
Gilson, L. L., & Shalley, C. E. (2004). A little creativity goes a long way: An examination of team’s engagement in creative processes. Journal of Management, 30(4), 453-470.
Gough, H. G. (1979). A creative personality scale for the adjective check list. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8), 1398-1405.
Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 64-86.
Green, D. E., Walkey, F. H., & Taylor, A. J. (1991). The three-factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 453-472.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). Intelligence, Creativity, and their educations. San Diego: Knapp.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldman, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldman, G. R. (1980). Work design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hargadon, A., & Sutton, R. I. (2000). Building innovation factory. Harvard Business Review, 78(3), 157-166.
Hektner, J. M. (1996). Exploring Optimal Personality Development: A longitudinal study of adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago.
Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in Survey Questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 104-121.
Hirst, G., & Mann, L. (2004). A model of R&D leadership and team communication: the relationship with project performance. R & D Management, 34(2), 147-160.
Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: a qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4, 161-180.
Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: the flow state scale-2 and dispositional flow scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 133-150.
Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and Validation of a Scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 17-35.
Jackson, S. A., Thomas, P. R., Marsh, H. W., & Smethurst, C. J. (2001). Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 129-153.
Jonathan, J. W., Gaynor, S., & Graham, S. (2006). Challenge-skills and mindfulness: An exploration of the conundrum of flow process. OTJR, 26(1), 25.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS™ command language, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2000). Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 751-765.
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-768.
Kanter, R. M. (1988). When a thousand flowers bloom: Structural, collective, and social conditions for innovation in organization. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 10 (pp. 169-211). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Keller, R. T. (1992). Transformational leadership and the performance of research and development project groups. Journal of Management, 18(3), 489-501.
Kirton, M. J. (1976). Adaptors and innovators: A description and measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 622-629.
Lee, E. (2005). The relationship of motivation and flow experience to academic procrastination in university students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(1), 5-14.
Liao, L. F. (2006). A flow theory perspective on learner motivation and behavior in distance. Distance Education, 27(1), 25.
Lissiz, R. W., & Green, S. B. (1975). Effect of the number of scale points on reliability: A Monte Carlo approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 10-13.
Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transacational leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. Leadership Quarterly, 7, 385-425.
Mainemelis, C. (2001). When the muse takes it all: A model for the experience of timelessness in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 26, 548-565.
March, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391-410.
Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factory analysis to the study of self-concept: First and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562-582.
Massimini, F., & Massimo, C. (1988). The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York: Cambridge University.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149.
Moneta, G. B., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). The effect or perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience. Journal of Personality, 64(2), 275-310.
Moorman, R. H., & Podsakoff, P. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behaviour research. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 131-149.
Mumford, M. D. (2000). Managing creative people: Strategies and tactics for innovation. Human Resource Management Review, 10(3), 313-351.
Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 27-43.
Munford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 27-43.
Novak, T. P., & Hoffman, D. L. (1997). Measuring the flow experience among web users. Presented at Interval Research Corporation, July 31. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from http://elab.vanderbilt.edu/research/ manuscripts/ index.htm
Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., & Yung, Y. F. (1999). Modeling the structure of the flow experience among Web users. Marketing Science, 19(1), 22-44.
Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., & Yung Y. F. (2000). Measuring the customer experience in online environments: A structural modeling approach. Marketing Science, 19(1), 22-42.
O’Brien, G. E. (1983). Skill-utilization, skill-variety and the job characteristics model. Australian Journal of Psychology, 35, 455-460.
Piccolo, R. F., & Colquitt, J. A. (2006). Transformational leadership and jor behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 327-340.
Pillai, R., Schreisheim, C. A., & Williams, E. A. (1999). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational leadership and transactional leadership: A two-sample study. Journal of Management, 25, 897-933.
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107-142.
Privette, G., & Bundrick, M. C. (1987). Measurement of experience: Construct and content validity of the experience questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills,65(1),315-332.
Redmond, M. R., Mumford, M. D., & Teach, R. (1993). Putting creativity to work: Effects of leader behavior on subordinate creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55, 120-151.
Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. In S. G. Isaksen (Ed.), Frontiers of Creativity Research (pp. 216-222). New York: Bearly Limited.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach burnout Inventory- general survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Test Manual (3rd ed., pp. 22-26). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.
Schwab, D. P. (2005). Research methods for organizational studies (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinations of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607.
Scott, R. K. (1995). Creative employees: A challenge to managers. Journal of Creative Behavior, 29, 64-71.
Shalley, C. E. (1995). Effects of coaction, expected evaluation, and goal setting on creativity and productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 483-503.
Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53.
Shalley, C. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2000). Matching creativity requirements and the work environment: Effects on satisfaction and intensions to leave. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 215-223.
Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933-958.
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organizational Science, 4, 577-594.
Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership conservation and creativity: Evidence from Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 703-714.
Singh, B. (1986). Role of personality versus biographical factor in creativity. Psychological Studies, 31(1), 91-92.
Sternberg, R. J. (1988). A three-facet model of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), The Nature of Creativity, 125-147. New York: Cambridge University.
Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Handbook of Creativity. New York: Cambridge University.
Strahan, R., & Gerbasi, K. C. (1972). Short, homogeneous versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 191-193.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M., & Graen, G. B. (1999). An examination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationships. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 591-620.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137-1148.
Trevino, K. J., & Webster (1992). Flow in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 19(5), 539-573.
Tsai, Chi-Tung, & Kao, Chuan-Feng. (2004). The relationships among motivations, climate for organizational innovation, and employee innovative behavior: A test of Amabile’s motivational synergy model. Journal of Management, 21, 571-592.
Wallas, G. (1926). The art of thought. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Weiss, M. W., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: a theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74.
Westman, M. (2001). Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 54, 717-751.
Woodman, R. W., & Schoenfeldt, L. F. (1990). An interactionist model of creative behavior. The Journal of Creative Behaior, 24, 279-290.
Wright, J. (2004). Occupation and flow. In M. Molineux (Ed.), Occupation for occupational therapists, 66-77. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Zerbe, W. J., & Paulhus, D. L. (1987). Socially desirable responding in organizational behavior: A conception. Academy of Management Review, 12, 250-264.
Zhou, J. (2003). When the presence of creative coworkers is related to creativity: Role of supervisor close monitoring developmental feedback and creative personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 413-422.
Zhou, J., & Shalley, C. E. (2003). Research on employee creativity: A critical review and directions for future research. In J. Martocchio (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management (pp. 165-217). Oxford, England: Elsevier.