臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主要目的在於從事鉛酸電池之智慧型充電狀態(State of charge, SOC)與壽命狀態(State of health, SOH)估測器研製。首先針對各種影響鉛酸電池充電狀態與壽命狀態之因素進行研究，進而選出最適合鉛酸電池在各種使用方式下進行充電狀態與壽命狀態估測之特徵。藉由對蓄電池多次之充放電實驗，以擷取在各種充電狀態與壽命狀態下特徵數值之分佈情形，並且考慮蓄電池老化對其所造成之影響。然後將鉛酸電池之充電狀態分為21種類別，並以電池之開路電壓(Open-circuit voltage)、內電阻(Internal resistance)及短路電流(Short-circuit current) 3種特徵之實驗數據建立可拓物元模型(Extension matter-element model)，進而以可拓評價方法(Extension evaluation method)對蓄電池之充電狀態進行估測。至於蓄電池之壽命狀態估測，本論文將其分為4種類別，並以電池之放電驟降電壓(Coup de fouet voltage)、內電阻與放電瞬間電流(Transient current) 3種特徵之實驗數據建立改良式可拓物元模型，以本論文所提之改良式可拓類神經網路(Modified extension neural network, MENN)對蓄電池之壽命狀態進行估測。最後，以可程式系統晶片(Programmable system on chip, PSoC)實現此即時式之鉛酸電池充電狀態及壽命狀態估測器，使其對於鉛酸電池的充電狀態及壽命狀態估測具有量測精確度高、估測速度快及硬體電路體積小之優點。

The main purpose of this paper is to design and implement intelligent state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimators for lead-acid batteries. Firstly, many cycles of charging and discharging experiments for lead-acid batteries are made to measure and record the distributed range of characteristic values in each SOC and SOH cycle. And the impacts of battery life on these characteristics are inspected, also. Then, the battery capacity is classified into 21 states, and the measured internal resistance, open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are adopted to construct an extension evaluation method based on the extension matter-element model for differentiating out the SOC of the lead-acid batteries. As to the battery cycle life is classified into 3 states, and the measured Coup de fouet voltage, internal resistance and transient current are adopted to construct a modified extension neural network (MENN) based on the modified extension matter-element model for differentiating out the SOH of the lead-acid batteries. Finally, a programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) is used to implement the intelligent SOC and SOH estimators of lead-acid batteries for achieving the advantages of high precision, fast speed and small size of hardware circuits.

中文摘要 ------------------------------------------------i
英文摘要 -----------------------------------------------ii
誌謝 -------------------------------------------------iii
目錄 --------------------------------------------------iv
表目錄 ------------------------------------------------vii
圖目錄 -----------------------------------------------viii
第一章 緒論----------------------------------------------1
1.1 研究背景與動機---------------------------------------1
1.2 國內外文獻探討---------------------------------------3
1.3 研究方法--------------------------------------------5
1.4 論文大綱--------------------------------------------6
第二章 鉛酸電池之特性介紹----------------------------------7
2.1 前言------------------------------------------------7
2.2 鉛酸電池之基本原理-----------------------------------7
2.2.1 鉛酸電池之構造---------------------------------8
2.2.2 鉛酸電池之化學原理-----------------------------9
2.2.3 鉛酸電池之名詞術語----------------------------13
2.3 鉛酸電池之充放電特性--------------------------------17
2.3.1 鉛酸電池之容量標準----------------------------18
2.3.2 影響鉛酸電池容量之因素------------------------19
2.3.3 既有鉛酸電池之充電狀態檢測方法-----------------22
2.4 鉛酸電池之壽命特性----------------------------------25
2.4.1 鉛酸電池之壽命標準----------------------------26
2.4.2 影響鉛酸電池壽命之因素-------------------------27
2.4.3 既有鉛酸電池之壽命檢測方法---------------------29
第三章 鉛酸電池充電狀態與壽命狀態之特徵擷取-----------------35
3.1 前言----------------------------------------------35
3.2 鉛酸電池充電狀態之特徵------------------------------35
3.2.1 鉛酸電池內部電阻之檢測方式---------------------37
3.2.2 鉛酸電池充電狀態特徵擷取系統之整體架構-----------40
3.2.3 鉛酸電池充電狀態之特徵擷取結果及分析 ---------52
3.3 鉛酸電池壽命狀態之特徵-------------------------------56
3.3.1 鉛酸電池放電驟降電壓之檢測方式------------------57
3.3.2 鉛酸電池壽命狀態特徵擷取系統之整體架構-----------62
3.3.3 鉛酸電池壽命狀態特徵之擷取實驗與結果分析---------65
第四章 鉛酸電池之充電狀態檢測法----------------------------68
4.1 前言----------------------------------------------68
4.2 可拓理論-------------------------------------------68
4.2.1 可拓物元之概念--------------------------------70
4.2.2 可拓理論之評價方法-----------------------------72
4.3 所提可拓理論鉛酸電池充電狀態估測方法------------------75
4.3.1 鉛酸電池充電狀態之可拓物元模型-----------------75
4.3.2 基於可拓評價方法之鉛酸電池充電狀態估測----------76
4.4 鉛酸電池充電狀態之測試結果---------------------------79
第五章 鉛酸電池之壽命狀態檢測------------------------------84
5.1 前言-----------------------------------------------84
5.2 改良式可拓理論--------------------------------------85
5.2.1 可拓關聯函數之應用-----------------------------87
5.2.2 改良式可拓理論之辨識架構-----------------------91
5.2.3 基於類神經網路之學習機制-----------------------94
5.3 所提改良式可拓類神經網路之鉛酸電池壽命估測方法---------98
5.3.1 鉛酸電池壽命狀態之物元模型建立-----------------99
5.3.2 基於改良式可拓類神經網路之鉛酸電池壽命狀態估測--101
5.3.3 所提改良式類神經網路權重之訓練程序與學習率調整--104
5.4 鉛酸電池壽命狀態之測試結果--------------------------111
第六章 結論--------------------------------------------113
6.1 總結---------------------------------------------113
6.2 未來研究方向--------------------------------------114
參考文獻 ----------------------------------------------115
作者簡介 ----------------------------------------------122

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