臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

背景：微笑的表情，可藉由刻意模仿臉部動作及不由自主而笑等方式產生。而微笑，對於人類的健康及社會互動是相當重要的。然而，微笑情緒的神經生物基礎，以及微笑傳達時，與認知控制的相關聯性，是相當複雜且難以解讀的機制。因此本篇研究是要探討透過目標導向的認知控制是否能改變微笑體現的歷程。方法：本研究利用腦磁波儀 (magnetoencephalography, MEG) 來探討正向臉部情緒的表達，增加人與人之間，正向情緒的理解與評估的認知控制機轉。這些機轉，我們透過神經處理路徑與大腦處理的時間序列來進一步分析。二十位無精神或神經疾患的右手慣用者參與本研究。我們量測受試者在模仿微笑、執行微笑及觀察微笑表情照片時的腦磁波訊號，並觀察額下迴(inferior frontal gyrus)及杏仁核(amygdala)等區域的關聯。腦磁波訊號依據圈選目標區域進一步分析，觀察受試者在三種情況下大腦活化狀態，進而利用最大對比光束構成法 (Maxcimum Contrast Beamformer, MCB) 找出相對活化的大腦區域。從不同的時間範圍，找出活化最大值來計算有興趣大腦腦區域的相關性。結果：本研究發現，透過自主意志及目標導向控制的做法，影響了皮質(cortical)及皮質下(subcortical)區域兩段早期時序的動態協調，能進一步調節情緒處理的歷程。我們發現模仿微笑相較於執行微笑組，動作相關區域(前中央迴 (precentral gyrus))於125毫秒，及鏡像神經元區域(額下迴及下頂葉(inferior parietal cortex))於175毫秒，皆有較大活化程度，除了顯示自動化臉部模仿機制的存在，更牽連社交體現中的模擬體現的神經機轉。更重要的發現，邊緣系統(limbic system)於125毫秒及背外側前額葉區域(dorsolateral prefrontal region)於175毫秒，在意志性控制的臉部模仿歷程中產生更多的活化，與調節情緒體現的神經生物機轉有密切關係。進階分析發現，額下迴與杏仁核區域活化有高度正相關，證實了臉部模仿機制的起始，並指出情緒感染的神經學基礎。結論：本研究驗證了社交體現的自動化及自主控制兩個不同的歷程，而且在目標導向下，引起的自動化體現，會造成皮質邊緣系統的活化。

Background: Smile can be elicited by intentional facial movement or by automatic mimicry. Smiling is critical for one’s well-being and social interactions. However, the neural mechanisms underpinning a smile and its interaction with cognitive control remain elusive. The present study is to investigate the relationship between goal-directed control and the process of embodiment of smile. Method: This work used Magnetoencephalography (MEG) to demonstrate that cognitive control of positive facial expression altered brain activity and functional connectivity. Twenty right-handed healthy participants with no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders were recruited in the study. MEG is used in this study to investigate the interplay between the inferior frontal gyrus and amygdala while exercising active smiling (imitating smile and executing smile) and viewing a smiling face (observing smile). MEG signals were processed by region of interest analysis and Maximum Contrast Beamformer (MCB). The correlations were calculated among brain activation areas of interest. Result: We found that volitional top-down and goal-directed control mediate emotion-laden processing through dynamic coordination between cortical and subcortical regions with two phases. The findings of neuronal responses in the motor related region (precentral gyrus) at 125ms and mirroring related regions (inferior frontal gyrus /inferior parietal cortex) at 175ms demonstrate existence of automatic facial mimicry which implicates embodied simulation of social embodiment. Most importantly, we found the activations of the limbic system at 125ms and the dorsolateral prefrontal region at 175ms during volitional facial mimicry which involved in generating embodied emotion. Furthermore, the positive correlation between the inferior frontal gyrus and amygdala manifests at the initiation of facial mimicry and pinpoints a neural basis for emotional contagion. Conclusions: This study proposes an alternative neural mechanism of emotion embodiment which could be enhanced by a goal-directed cognitive process. Setting a goal as well as looking at the congruent scenery would facilitate the process of execution.

Contents

Acknowledgments----------------------------------- i
Chinese Abstract---------------------------------- ii
English Abstract---------------------------------- iii
Table of Contents--------------------------------- iv
List of Figures----------------------------------- vi
List of Tables------------------------------------ ⅶ
List of Appendices-------------------------------- ⅷ
Chapter 1 Introduction---------------------------------1
1.1 Facial mimicry of smile----------------------------1
1.2 Facial mimicry and automatic mirroring-------------2
1.3 Theories of embodied emotion-----------------------3
1.3.1 James Lange theory-------------------------------3
1.3.2 Vascular Theory of Emotional Efference-----------4
1.3.3 Modern theories of embodied cognition------------5
1.4 Human mirror neuron system and mind reading--------6
1.4.1 Mechanisms for MNS Involvement in Action---------7
1.4.2 Relationship between MNS and Emotions------------7
1.4.3 MNS, TOM and Empathetic Processing---------------8
1.4.4 Lateralization of MNS----------------------------9
1.5 Hypothesis----------------------------------------10
1.6 Magnetoencephalography(MEG) ----------------------11
1.7 Aim-----------------------------------------------12
Chapter 2 Materials and Methods-----------------------13
2.1 Subjects------------------------------------------13
2.2 Stimuli and Experiment----------------------------14
2.3 Data acquisition----------------------------------15
2.4 Data analysis-------------------------------------15
Chapter 3 Results-------------------------------------16
3.1 Mean Activation Profiles of MN-related Regions ---16
3.2 Dynamic activation at key regions of the results -16
3.3 Main Effects among Three Conditions---------------17
3.4 SPM Results---------------------------------------17
3.5 Neural Circuitry Results--------------------------18
3.6 Correlations between Brain Regions of Dynamical Imitation---------------------------------------------19
3.7 A model of embodied cognition---------------------19
Chapter 4 Discussion----------------------------------20
4.1 The process of embodied emotion, embodied simulation and embodied cognition--------------------------------20
4.2 Voluntary initiation in embodying facial movement-21
4.3 The coupling between IFG and amygdala for embodied simulation and cognition------------------------------22
4.4 Positive facial expression, social embodiments, and empathy-----------------------------------------------23
4.5 Limitations of study------------------------------24
4.6 Implications for psychopathology------------------24
Chapter 5 Conclusion----------------------------------26
References--------------------------------------------27
Figures-----------------------------------------------37
Tables------------------------------------------------46
Appendices--------------------------------------------51

List of Figures

Figure 1. Experimental procedures----------------------37
Figure 2. Time component selection based on ROI conditions---------------------------------------------38
Figure 3. Grand averaged time courses of activation indices at different brain regions for the three conditions---------------------------------------------39
Figure 4. Statistical results of selective time component--------------------------------------------------------40
Figure 5. SPM results for IS contrast OS and ES--------41
Figure 6. Comparison of Imitation and Observation in Amygdala-----------------------------------------------42
Figure 7. Illustrations of the neural circuitry imitation that differentiate cognitive empathy and emotional empathy------------------------------------------------43
Figure 8. Neural Circuits of Imitating Smile-----------44
Figure 9. A model of embodied cognition----------------45


List of Tables
Table 1. Brain areas significantly more active during interaction contrast (IS125-OS125) -------------46
Table 2. Brain areas significantly more active during interaction contrast (IS175-OS175) --------------------47
Table 3. Brain areas significantly more active during interaction contrast (IS125-ES125) ----------------48
Table 4. Brain areas significantly more active during interaction contrast (IS175-ES175) ---------------49
Table 5. Significant Imitation Task Contrast Observation Task-------------------50


List of Appendices
Appendix 1. Parts of the vascular system involved in phonetic output and homologous
emotional expressions--------------51
Appendix 2. Example of a Mirror Neuron that responded to action observation in full vision
and in hidden condition------------------52
Appendix 3. Areas comparing the human MNs ------------53
Appendix 4. Ventral premotor cortex in monkeys and humans-------------54
Appendix 5. Neural mechanisms of imitation------------55
Appendix 6. The rendered view of activation maps for imitation of the five facial expressions
contrasted with passive viewing----------------56
Appendix 7. The frontal MNs-insula-amygdala circuit-----57
Appendix 8. Relationship between mirror neuron system activity and empathy-------------58
Appendix 9. Lateralization of MNS------------59
Appendix 10. Preliminary data------------------60

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