臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

過去的研究發現，剝奪慢波睡眠(slow wave sleep or N3 NREM sleep)會使睏睡度增加，並造成影響警覺能力及注意力的缺損；而警覺能力及注意力的缺損可能會增加犯錯的機率。我們先前的研究發現睡眠片斷化會弱化錯誤監控系統。由於睡眠片斷化同時造成慢波睡眠與速眼動睡眠(rapid-eye-movement sleep)的比例大幅減少，有關慢波睡眠和錯誤監控歷程之間的關係仍須進一步的研究。本研究透過一晚的慢波睡眠剝奪，探討慢波睡眠對錯誤監控運作的影響。本研究收集了14位參與者（6位男性、8位女性，年齡介於20至27歲）的實驗資料。每位參與者經歷三種睡眠情境：慢波睡眠剝奪 (Stage N3 sleep deprivation, ND)、共軛睡眠干擾控制(yoked control, YC)、及正常睡眠 (normal sleep, NS)。在ND情境，每當參與者出現慢波睡眠，隨即以聲音刺激干擾；YC情境則是共軛ND時的聲音刺激次數及給與時間但避開慢波睡眠；NS情境則是參與者在家中維持正常夜晚睡眠。ND及YC情境另包括睡眠干擾前一晚在實驗室的睡眠適應夜(ND-A或是YC-A)。三種睡眠情境操弄採對抗平衡順序。每位參與者在各次夜晚睡眠情境完成後於早上接受箭頭版的旁側夾擊實驗(Flanker task)，並同步接受腦波記錄以進行事件相關聯腦電位(event-related brain potential, ERP)分析。結果顯示，ND情境的慢波睡眠百分比(4.1±2.8%)顯著少於YC情境(17.1±5.6%; p < 0.01)，而在第二期睡眠(Stage N2 sleep)百分比(60.2±4.0%)則是顯著多於YC情境(46.2±6.1%; p < 0.01)。但ND情境和YC情境的覺醒指標(arousal index; p = 0.95)及速眼動睡眠量(p = 0.70)都沒有顯著差異。在ERP的分析上，ND情境的錯誤相關負波(error-related negativity, ERN) 振幅在FCz位置(-1.7±3.2μV)小於YC情境(-3.8±2.8μV; p < 0.01)及NS情境(-3.6±3.7μV; p < 0.01)。ND情境的P300波振幅在Pz位置 (9.8±2.2μV)也顯著的小於NS情境(11.4±3.1μV; p < 0.01)。綜合以上的結果，本研究在不改變除了第二期睡眠以外的睡眠變項下，使慢波睡眠顯著的減少，同時發現ERN波與P300波的振幅變小，後者分別代表了錯誤偵測(error detection)能力的弱化及注意力資源的減少。然而，慢波睡眠的減少並不影響錯誤正波(error positivity)的振幅，代表錯誤後矯正行為及情緒層面的評估並未改變。

Research shows that slow wave (or Stage N3) sleep deprivation leads to increased daytime sleepiness and reduced vigilance and attention, all of which may elevate the chance of making mistakes. Our previous study showed that error monitoring was impaired after a night of experimental sleep fragmentation, which resulted in significant reductions in the amount of both SWS and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. This study aims to investigate whether a night of SWS deprivation affects error monitoring. There were 14 participants (6 males and 8 females; 20-27 years old). Each participant underwent 3 sleep conditions: SWS deprivation (Stage N3 sleep deprivation, ND), yoked control (YC) and normal sleep (NS). At the ND night, SWS was interrupted by auditory stimuli. At the YC night, auditory stimuli were given at the time and for a total amount compatible to those at the ND night but were particularly not given when participants were in SWS. In the NS condition, participants stayed at home and maintained a normal sleep night as usual. Both the ND and YC conditions included an adaption night before the sleep disrupted night. The 3 sleep conditions were given in a between-participants counterbalanced sequence. In each morning following the sleep disruption and the normal sleep nights, the participants performed an arrow version Flanker task and simultaneously underwent multiple-channel electroencephalogram recordings. The SWS percent was less at the ND night (4.1±2.8%) than the YC night (17.1±5.6%; p < 0.01), but the Stage N2 sleep percent was higher in the ND condition (60.2±4.0%) than the YC condition (46.2±6.1%; p < 0.01). However, the REM sleep percent (p = 0.70) and the arousal index (p = .0.95) were compatible between the ND and YC conditions. The amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN) at FCz was smaller in the ND condition (-1.7±3.2μV) than YC condition (-3.8±2.8μV; p < 0.01) and NS condition (-3.6±3.7μV; p < 0.01). The P300 amplitude at Pz was smaller in the ND condition (9.8±2.2μV) than NS condition (11.4±3.1μV; p < 0.01). In conclusion, a night of SWS deprivation resulted in reductions in the amplitudes of the ERN and P300, which represent the weakening of the ability of error detection and the employment of cognitive resources, respectively. However, a night of SWS disruption appeared not to have negative effects on the Pe amplitude, which reflects emotional evaluations on errors and post-error behavioral adjustments.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iv
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
專有名詞說明 1
緒論 2
研究目的與假設 11
研究方法 12
實驗參與者篩選方法 12
正式實驗程序 16
認知作業 19
資料分析 22
結果 27
實驗參與者 27
七天居家正常作息結果 28
整夜睡眠紀錄結果 29
視覺警醒作業結果 36
旁側夾擊作業行為結果 37
旁側夾擊作業事件相關腦電波(ERP)結果 42
旁側夾擊作業腦頻譜結果 47
討論 53
參考文獻 57

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